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Finno-Permic
Finnic
(proposed)
Geographic distribution	Northern Fennoscandia, Baltic states, Southwestern, Southeastern, and Ural region of Russia
Ethnicity	Finnic peoples
Linguistic classification	Uralic Finno-Ugric Finno-Permic
Subdivisions	Permic Balto-Finnic Sámi Mari Mordvin
Language codes
Glottolog	None
The Finno-Permic languages

The Finno-Permic or Finno-Permian languages, sometimes just Finnic languages, are a proposed subdivision of the Uralic languages which comprise the Balto-Finnic languages, Sámi languages, Mordvinic languages, Mari language, Permic languages and likely a number of extinct languages. In the traditional taxonomy of the Uralic languages, Finno-Permic is estimated to have split from Finno-Ugric around 3000–2500 BC, and branched into Permic languages and Finno-Volgaic languages around 2000 BC. Nowadays the validity of the group as a taxonomical entity is being questioned, and the interrelationships of its five branches are debated with little consensus.

The term Finnic languages has often been used to designate all the Finno-Permic languages, with the term Balto-Finnic used to disambiguate the Finnic languages proper. However, in many works, Finnic refers to the Baltic-Finnic languages alone.

Subclassification

The subclassification of the Finno-Permic languages varies among scholars. During the 20th century, most classifications treated Permic vs Finno-Volgaic as the primary division. In the 21st century, Salminen rejected Finno-Permic and Finno-Volgaic entirely. Other classifications treat the five branches of Finno-Permic as follows.

See also

• Proto-Finnic language

References

1. ^ Taagepera, Rein (1999). The Finno-Ugric republics and the Russian state. Psychology Press. pp. 32–33. ISBN 0-415-91977-0.
2. Salminen, Tapani (2002). "Problems in the taxonomy of the Uralic languages in the light of modern comparative studies".
3. Aikio, Ante (2019). "Proto-Uralic". In Bakró-Nagy, Marianne; Laakso, Johanna; Skribnik, Elena (eds.). Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–4.
4. "Finno-Ugric languages". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2013.
5. Bakró-Nagy, Marianne; Laakso, Johanna; Skribnik, Elena K., eds. (2022). The Oxford guide to the Uralic languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-876766-4.
6. Salminen, Tapani (2023). "Demography, endangerment and revitalization". In Abondolo, Daniel Mario; Valijärvi, Riitta-Liisa (eds.). The Uralic languages. Routledge Language Family (2nd ed.). London New York: Routledge. p. 93. ISBN 978-1-138-65084-8.
7. Salminen, Tapani (2007). "Europe and North Asia". In Christopher Moseley (ed.). Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages. London: Routlegde. pp. 211–280.
8. Janhunen, Juha (2009). "Proto-Uralic—what, where and when?" (PDF). In Jussi Ylikoski (ed.). The Quasquicentennial of the Finno-Ugrian Society. Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia 258. Helsinki: Société Finno-Ougrienne. ISBN 978-952-5667-11-0. ISSN 0355-0230.
9. Jaakko, Häkkinen (2007). Kantauralin murteutuminen vokaalivastaavuuksien valossa (Master's thesis) (in Finnish). Helsingfors universitet. hdl:10138/19684. urn:nbn:fi-fe20071746.
10. Lehtinen, Tapani (2007). Kielen vuosituhannet. Tietolipas. Vol. 215. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. ISBN 978-951-746-896-1.
11. Michalove, Peter A. (2002) The Classification of the Uralic Languages: Lexical Evidence from Finno-Ugric. In: Finnisch-Ugrische Forschungen, vol. 57
12. Kulonen, Ulla-Maija (2002). "Kielitiede ja suomen väestön juuret". In Grünthal, Riho (ed.). Ennen, muinoin. Miten menneisyyttämme tutkitaan. Tietolipas. Vol. 180. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. pp. 104–108. ISBN 978-951-746-332-4.

Further reading

• Abondolo, Daniel, ed. (1998). The Uralic Languages. London and New York. ISBN 0-415-08198-X.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

v t e Uralic languages
List of Uralic languages
Finnic	Bjarmian languages Estonian Laiuse Romani Northeastern coastal South Estonian Seto Võro Mulgi Tartu Ludza Kraasna Leivu Finnish Fingelska Kven Meänkieli Siberian Finnish Ingrian Siberian Ingrian Finnish Karelian Karelian proper Livvi Ludic Livonian Veps Votic Krevinian Kukkuzi
Sámi	Eastern Sámi Akkala Inari Kainuu Kemi Kildin Skolt Ter Western Sámi Lule Northern Pite Southern Ume
Mordvinic	Erzya Shoksha dialect [de; ru] Moksha
Mari	Hill Mari Meadow Mari Northwestern Mari
Permic	Komi Komi-Yazva Komi-Permyak Udmurt
Ugric	Hungarian Ob-Ugric Khanty Northern Khanty Southern Khanty Eastern Khanty Mansi Northern Mansi Western Mansi Eastern Mansi Southern Mansi
Samoyedic	Enets Kamas Koibal Mator Taygi [ru] Karagas [ru] Nenets Forest Nenets Tundra Nenets Nganasan Selkup Yurats
Others	Merya Meshcherian Muromian
Reconstructed	Proto-Uralic homeland Proto-Finnic Proto-Sámi Proto-Samoyedic
Italics indicate extinct languages Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left.

• Uralic languages