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Transition metal arene complex

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(Redirected from Fischer–Hafner synthesis)
Structure of Cr(η-C6H6)2
"Arene complex" redirects here. Not to be confused with Arene complexes of univalent gallium, indium, and thallium.

Metal arene complexes are organometallic compounds of the formula (C6R6)xMLy. Common classes are of the type (C6R6)ML3 and (C6R6)2M. These compounds are reagents in inorganic and organic synthesis. The principles that describe arene complexes extend to related organic ligands such as many heterocycles (e.g. thiophene) and polycyclic aromatic compounds (e.g. naphthalene).

Synthesis

Structure of (C6H6)Ti(Cl2AlCl2)2, illustrative intermediate in Fischer-Hafner syntheses

Fischer–Hafner synthesis

Also known as reductive Friedel–Crafts reaction, the Fischer–Hafner synthesis entails treatment of metal chlorides with arenes in the presence of aluminium trichloride and aluminium metal. The method was demonstrated in the 1950s with the synthesis of bis(benzene)chromium by Walter Hafner and his advisor E. O. Fischer. The method has been extended to other metals, e.g. . In this reaction, the AlCl3 serves to remove chloride from the metal precursor, and the Al metal functions as the reductant. The Fischer-Hafner synthesis is limited to arenes lacking sensitive functional groups.

Structure of Mo(η-C6H3Me3)(CO)3.

Direct synthesis

By metal vapor synthesis, metal atoms co-condensed with arenes react to give complexes of the type M(arene)2. Cr(C6H6)2 can be produced by this method.

Cr(CO)6 reacts directly with benzene and other arenes to give the piano stool complexes Cr(C6R6)(CO)3. The carbonyls of Mo and W behave comparably. The method works particularly well with electron-rich arenes (e.g., anisole, mesitylene). The reaction has been extended to the synthesis of :

BrMn(CO)5 + Ag + C6R6 → + AgBr + 2 CO

From hexadienes

Few Ru(II) and Os(II) complexes react directly with arenes. Instead, arene complexes of these metals are typically prepared by treatment of M(III) precursors with cyclohexadienes. For example, heating alcohol solutions of 1,3- or 1,4-cyclohexadiene and ruthenium trichloride gives (benzene)ruthenium dichloride dimer. The conversion entails dehydrogenation of an intermediate diene complex.

Alkyne trimerization

Metal complexes are known to catalyze alkyne trimerization to give arenes. These reactions have been used to prepare arene complexes. Illustrative is the reaction of with 2-butyne to give .

Structure

In most of its complexes, arenes bind in an η mode, with six nearly equidistant M-C bonds. The C-C-C angles are unperturbed vs the parent arene, but the C-C bonds are elongated by 0.2 Å. In the fullerene complex Ru3(CO)9(C60), the fullerene binds to the triangular face of the cluster.

Hapticity change for bis(hexamethylbenzene)ruthenium

η- and η-Arene complexes

In some complexes, the arene binds through only two or four carbons, η and η bonding, respectively. In these cases, the arene is no longer planar. Because the arene is dearomatized, the uncoordinated carbon centers display enhanced reactivity. A well studied example is , formed by the reduction of . An example of an .

Reactivity

When bound in the η manner, arenes often function as unreactive spectator ligands, as illustrated by several homogeneous catalysts used for transfer hydrogenation, such as (η-C6R6)Ru(TsDPEN). In cationic arene complexes or those supported by several CO ligands, the arene is susceptible to attack by nucleophiles to give cyclohexadienyl derivatives.

Particularly from the perspective of organic synthesis, the decomplexation of arenes is of interest. Decomplexation can often be induced by treatment with excess of ligand (MeCN, CO, etc).

References

  1. ^ Pampaloni, G. (2010). "Aromatic Hydrocarbons as Ligands. Recent Advances in the Synthesis, the Reactivity and the Applications of Bis(η6-arene) Complexes". Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 254 (5–6): 402–419. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2009.05.014.
  2. Thewalt, U.; Stollmaier, F. (1982). "Structurchemie titanorganischer verbindungen: die structur von η-C6H6Ti(Cl2AlCl2)2". J. Organomet. Chem. 228 (2): 149–152. doi:10.1016/S0022-328X(00)87093-X.
  3. Seyferth, D. (2002). "Bis(benzene)chromium. 2. Its Discovery by E. O. Fischer and W. Hafner and Subsequent Work by the Research Groups of E. O. Fischer, H. H. Zeiss, F. Hein, C. Elschenbroich, and Others". Organometallics. 21 (14): 2800–2820. doi:10.1021/om020362a.
  4. ^ E. Peter Kündig (2004). "Synthesis of Transition Metal h-Arene Complexes". Topics Organomet Chem. Topics in Organometallic Chemistry. 7: 3–20. doi:10.1007/b94489. ISBN 978-3-540-01604-5.
  5. S. B. Kim, S. Lotz, S. Sun, Y. K. Chung, R. D. Pike, D. A. Sweigart "Manganese Tricarbonyl Transfer (MTT) Agents" Inorganic Syntheses, 2010, Vol. 35, 109–128. doi:10.1002/9780470651568.ch6
  6. Hsu, Hsiu-Fu; Shapley, John R. (1996). "Ru3(CO)9(μ3-η,η,η-C60): A Cluster Face-Capping, Arene-Like Complex of C60". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118 (38): 9192. doi:10.1021/ja962077m.
  7. Liebov, Benjamin K.; Harman, W. Dean (2017). "Group 6 Dihapto-Coordinate Dearomatization Agents for Organic Synthesis". Chemical Reviews. 117 (22): 13721–13755. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00480. PMID 29064228.
Coordination complexes
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