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Flying fish Temporal range: Eocene–Present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Sailfin flying-fish, Parexocoetus brachypterus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Beloniformes
Suborder:	Exocoetoidei
Superfamily:	Exocoetoidea
Family:	Exocoetidae Risso, 1827
Genera
See text

The Exocoetidae are a family of marine ray-finned fish in the order Beloniformes, known colloquially as flying fish or flying cod. About 64 species are grouped in seven genera. While they cannot fly in the same way a bird does, flying fish can make powerful, self-propelled leaps out of the water where their long wing-like fins enable gliding for considerable distances above the water's surface. The main reason for this behavior is thought to be to escape from underwater predators, which include swordfish, mackerel, tuna, and marlin, among others, though their periods of flight expose them to attack by avian predators such as frigate birds.

Barbados is known as "the land of the flying fish" and the fish is one of the national symbols of the country. The Exocet missile is named after them, as variants are launched from underwater, and take a low trajectory, skimming the surface, before striking their targets.

Etymology

The term Exocoetidae is both the scientific name and the general name in Latin for a flying fish. The suffix -idae, common for indicating a family, follows the root of the Latin word exocoetus, a transliteration of the Ancient Greek name ἐξώκοιτος. This means literally 'sleeping outside', from ἔξω, 'outside', and κοῖτος, 'bed', 'resting place', with the verb root κει-, 'to lie down' (not 'untruth'), so named as flying fish were believed to leave the water to sleep ashore, or due to flying fish flying and thus stranding themselves in boats.

Taxonomy

The Exocoetidae is divided into four subfamilies and seven genera:

• Subfamily Exocoetinae (Risso, 1827)
  • Genus Exocoetus (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Subfamily Fodiatorinae (Fowler, 1925)
  • Genus Fodiator (D.S. Jordan & Meek, 1885)
• Subfamily Parexocoetinae (Bruun, 1935)
  • Genus Parexocoetus (Bleeker, 1865)
• Subfamily Cypsellurinae (Hubbs, 1933)
  • Genus Cheilopogon (Lowe, 1841)
  • Genus Cypselurus (Swainson, 1838)
  • Genus Hirundichthys (Breder, 1928)
  • Genus Prognichthys (Breder, 1928)

Distribution and description

Flying fish live in all of the oceans, particularly in tropical and warm subtropical waters. They are commonly found in the epipelagic zone, the top layer of the ocean to a depth of about 200 m (660 ft).

Numerous morphological features give flying fish the ability to leap above the surface of the ocean. One such feature is fully broadened neural arches, which act as insertion sites for connective tissues and ligaments in a fish's skeleton. Fully broadened neural arches act as more stable and sturdier sites for these connections, creating a strong link between the vertebral column and cranium. A steady glide will improve their flight duration and allow them to be above water. An unsteady glide will not impact their flight as much but will shorten their flight duration not much more than a steady flight. This also will vary based on their energy consumption. This ultimately allows a rigid and sturdy vertebral column (body) that is beneficial in flight. Having a rigid body during glided flight gives the flying fish aerodynamic advantages, increasing its speed and improving its aim. Furthermore, flying fish have developed vertebral columns and ossified caudal complexes. These features provide the majority of strength to the flying fish, allowing them to physically lift their bodies out of water and glide remarkable distances. These additions also reduce the flexibility of the flying fish, allowing them to perform powerful leaps without weakening midair. At the end of a glide, they fold their pectoral fins to re-enter the sea, or drop their tails into the water to push against the water to lift for another glide, possibly changing direction. The curved profile of the "wing" is comparable to the aerodynamic shape of a bird wing. The fish is able to increase its time in the air by flying straight into or at an angle to the direction of updrafts created by a combination of air and ocean currents.

Species of genus Exocoetus have one pair of fins and streamlined bodies to optimize for speed, while Cypselurus spp. have flattened bodies and two pairs of fins, which maximize their time in the air. From 1900 to the 1930s, flying fish were studied as possible models used to develop airplanes.

The Exocoetidae feed mainly on plankton. Predators include dolphins, tuna, marlin, birds, squid, and porpoises.

Flight measurements

In May 2008, a Japanese television crew (NHK) filmed a flying fish (dubbed "Icarfish") off the coast of Yakushima Island, Japan. The fish spent 45 seconds in flight. The previous record was 42 seconds.

The flights of flying fish are typically around 50 m (160 ft), though they can use updrafts at the leading edge of waves to cover distances up to 400 m (1,300 ft). They can travel at speeds of more than 70 km/h (43 mph). Maximum altitude is 6 m (20 ft) above the surface of the sea. Flying fish often accidentally land on the decks of smaller vessels.

Fishery and cuisine

Flying fish are commercially fished in Japan, Vietnam, and China by gillnetting, and in Indonesia and India by dipnetting. Often in Japanese cuisine, the fish is preserved by drying to be used as fish stock for dashi broth. The roe of Cheilopogon agoo, or Japanese flying fish, is used to make some types of sushi, and is known as tobiko. It is also a staple in the diet of the Tao people of Orchid Island, Taiwan. Flying fish is part of the national dish of Barbados, cou-cou and flying fish. The taste is close to that of a sardine.

Flying fish roe is known as "cau-cau" in southern Peru, and is used to make several local dishes.

In the Solomon Islands, the fish are caught while they are flying, using nets held from outrigger canoes. They are attracted to the light of torches. Fishing is done only when no moonlight is available.

Importance

Barbados

Barbados is known as "the land of the flying fish", and the fish is one of the national symbols of the country. Once abundant, it migrated between the warm, coral-filled Atlantic Ocean surrounding the island of Barbados and the plankton-rich outflows of the Orinoco River in Venezuela.

Just after the completion of the Bridgetown Harbor / Deep Water Harbor in Bridgetown, Barbados had an increase of ship visits, linking the island to the world. The overall health of the coral reefs surrounding Barbados suffered due to ship-based pollution. Additionally, Barbadian overfishing pushed them closer to the Orinoco delta, no longer returning to Barbados in large numbers. Today, the flying fish only migrate as far north as Tobago, around 120 nmi (220 km; 140 mi) southwest of Barbados. Despite the change, flying fish remain a coveted delicacy.

Many aspects of Barbadian culture center around the flying fish; it is depicted on coins, as sculptures in fountains, in artwork, and as part of the official logo of the Barbados Tourism Authority. Additionally, the Barbadian coat of arms features a pelican and dolphinfish on either side of the shield, but the dolphinfish resembles a flying fish. Furthermore, actual artistic renditions and holograms of the flying fish are also present within the Barbadian passport.

Maritime disputes

Flying fish have also been gaining in popularity in other islands, fueling several maritime disputes. In 2006, the council of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea fixed the maritime boundaries between Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago over the flying fish dispute, which gradually raised tensions between the neighbours. The ruling stated both countries must preserve stocks for the future. Barbadian fishers still follow the flying fish southward.

Indonesia

Makassar fishermen in south Sulawesi have been catching flying fish (torani) in special boats called patorani for centuries developing their own sailing traditions along the way. These fishermen were able to sail as far as Kimberley region in west of Australia reaching the indigenous people there.

Prehistoric analogues

The oldest known fossil of a flying or gliding fish are those of the extinct family Thoracopteridae, dating back to the Middle Triassic, 235–242 million years ago. However, they are thought to be basal neopterygians and are not related to modern flying fish, with the wing-like pectoral fins being convergently evolved in both lineages. Similarly, the Cheirothricidae of the Late Cretaceous also similarly evolved wing-like pectoral fins that were likely also used for gliding, but are indeterminate eurypterygians; they are possibly Aulopiformes, which would make them most closely related to lizardfish.

See also

• Flying and gliding animals
• Neuston
• Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water

References

1. Fossilworks. "Exocoetidae". Archived from the original on 2021-12-12. Retrieved 2021-12-17.
2. ^ Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014). "Family-group names of Recent fishes". Zootaxa. 3882 (2): 001–230. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1. PMID 25543675.
3. "Recent Discoveries about the Evolution of Flying Fish | Bio-Aerial Locomotion". Retrieved 2019-09-01.
4. Davenport, John (June 1994). "How and why do flying fish fly?". Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries. 4 (2): 184–214. Bibcode:1994RFBF....4..184D. doi:10.1007/BF00044128. S2CID 34720887.
5. "Flying Fish | National Geographic". Animals. 2010-04-11. Archived from the original on July 2, 2017. Retrieved 2019-09-01.
6. Cy Berlowitz (2016). Sealights. Lulu.com. p. 32. ISBN 9781365061417.
7. Harper, Douglas. "exocet". Online Etymology Dictionary.
8. Pliny's Natural History, vol. IX, chapter 34
9. J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. p. 366. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. Archived from the original on 2019-04-08. Retrieved 2020-01-10.
10. Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Exocoetidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
11. ^ Dasilao, Juanito C.; Yamaoka, Kosaku (September 1998). "Development of the vertebral column and caudal complex in a flyingfish,Parexocoetus mento mento (Teleostei: Exocoetidae)". Ichthyological Research. 45 (3): 303–308. Bibcode:1998IchtR..45..303D. doi:10.1007/BF02673928. S2CID 33251544.
12. Kawachi, K., Inada, Y., & Azuma, A. (1993). Optimal Flight Path of Flying Fish
13. ^ Dasilao, Juanito C.; Sasaki, Kunio (January 1998). "Phylogeny of the flyingfish family Exocoetidae (Teleostei, Beloniformes)". Ichthyological Research. 45 (4): 347–353. Bibcode:1998IchtR..45..347D. doi:10.1007/BF02725187. S2CID 24966029.
14. ^ Fish, F. E. (July 1990). "Wing design and scaling of flying fish with regard to flight performance". Journal of Zoology. 221 (3): 391–403. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1990.tb04009.x.
15. ^ Kutschera, U. (2005). "Predator-driven macroevolution in flyingfishes inferred from behavioural studies: historical controversies and a hypothesis" (PDF). Annals of the History and Philosophy of Biology. 10: 59–77. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-08-20.
16. ^ Fish, F. (1991). "On a fin and a prayer" (PDF). Scholars. 3 (1): 4–7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-02.
17. ^ "Fast flying fish glides by ferry". BBC News. May 20, 2008. Retrieved May 20, 2008.
18. ^ Ross Piper (2007), Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals, Greenwood Press.
19. "Flying Fish". National Geographic. 11 April 2010. Archived from the original on February 28, 2021.
20. Joseph Banks (1997). The Endeavour Journal of Sir Joseph Banks 1768–1771 (PDF). University of Sydney Library. Retrieved July 16, 2009.
21. Moran. Churchill: Taken from the Diaries of Lord Moran. p. 819.
22. "Barbados/Trinidad and Tobago". Permanent Court of Arbitration. April 11, 2006. Archived from the original on 2010-06-02.
23. "Claims of Caribbean piracy as national symbol takes flight". The Sydney Morning Herald. December 18, 2004.
24. Demmallino, Eymal B.; M. Saleh S. Ali (2018). "Patorani: Occultness, religiosity, and environmentally friendly technology of the flying fish hunters". Journal of Asian Rural Studies. 2 (1): 73–84. doi:10.20956/jars.v2i1.1366.
25. Subbaraman, Nidhi (31 October 2012). "Oldest flying fish fossil found in China". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2012.11707. S2CID 131398231.
26. Xu, Guang-Hui; Zhao, Li-Jun; Gao, Ke-Qin; Wu, Fei-Xiang (7 January 2013). "A new stem-neopterygian fish from the Middle Triassic of China shows the earliest over-water gliding strategy of the vertebrates". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 280 (1750): 20122261. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.2261. PMC 3574442. PMID 23118437.
27. Dietze, Kathrin (2009-06-01). "Morphology and phylogenetic relationships of certain neoteleostean fishes from the Upper Cretaceous of Sendenhorst, Germany". Cretaceous Research. 30 (3): 559–574. Bibcode:2009CrRes..30..559D. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2008.11.001. ISSN 0195-6671.

External links

• Flying Fish, National Geographic Society

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Category WikiProject

• Exocoetidae
• Beloniformes
• Gliding animals
• Fish of Oceania
• Marine fish of Africa
• Marine fish of Asia
• Fish of Hawaii
• Fish of Japan
• Extant Miocene first appearances
• Miocene fish
• Quaternary fish
• Barbadian cuisine