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Formic acid (data page)

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Chemical data page

This page provides supplementary chemical data on formic acid.

Material Safety Data Sheet

The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source and follow its directions.

Structure and properties

Structure and properties
Index of refraction, nD 1.3714 at 20 °C
Abbe number ?
Dielectric constant, εr 58.5 ε0 at 16 °C
measured at 400 MHz
Bond strength ?
Bond length C=O bond: 123 pm
C–OH bond: 136 pm
Bond angle ?
Magnetic susceptibility ?
Surface tension 37.67 dyn/cm at 20 °C
Viscosity
2.2469 mPa·s at 10 °C
1.7844 mPa·s at 20 °C
1.2190 mPa·s at 40 °C
0.5492 mPa·s at 100 °C

Thermodynamic properties

Phase behavior
Triple point 281.40 K (8.25 °C), 2.2 kPa
Critical point 588 K (315 °C), 5.81 MPa
Std enthalpy change
of fusion, ΔfusH 		+12.68 kJ/mol
Std entropy change
of fusion, ΔfusS 		+45.05 J/(mol·K) at 8.25 °C
Std enthalpy change
of vaporization, ΔvapH 		+23.1 kJ/mol
Std entropy change
of vaporization, ΔvapS 		+61.8 J/(mol·K)
Solid properties
Std enthalpy change
of formation, ΔfHsolid 		? kJ/mol
Standard molar entropy,
Ssolid 		? J/(mol K)
Heat capacity, cp 74.5 J/(mol K) at –22 °C
82.8 J/(mol K) at 0 °C
Liquid properties
Std enthalpy change
of formation, ΔfHliquid 		–425.5 kJ/mol
Standard molar entropy,
Sliquid 		129.0 J/(mol K)
Enthalpy of combustion, ΔcH –254.6 kJ/mol
Heat capacity, cp 101.3 J/(mol K) at 20–100 °C
Gas properties
Std enthalpy change
of formation, ΔfHgas 		–362.6 kJ/mol
Standard molar entropy,
Sgas 		251.0 J/(mol K)
Heat capacity, cp 45.68 J/(mol K) at 25 °C

Vapor pressure of liquid

P in mm Hg 1 10 40 100 400 760
T in °C –20.0(s) 2.1(s) 24.0 43.8 80.3 100.6

Table data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 44th ed. The "(s)" notation indicates temperature of solid/vapor equilibrium. Otherwise the data is temperature of liquid/vapor equilibrium.

log10 of formic acid vapor pressure. Uses formula: log 10 ⁡ P m m H g = 6.94459 − 1295.26 218.0 + T {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \log _{10}P_{mmHg}=6.94459-{\frac {1295.26}{218.0+T}}} obtained from Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed.

Distillation data

Vapor-liquid Equilibrium for Formic acid/Water
P = 760 mmHg
BP
Temp.
°C 		% by mole water
liquid vapor
102.3 4.05 2.45
104.6 15.5 10.2
105.9 21.8 16.2
107.1 32.1 27.9
107.6 40.9 40.2
107.6 41.1 40.5
107.6 46.4 48.2
107.1 52.2 56.7
106.0 63.2 71.8
104.2 74.0 83.6
102.9 82.9 91.7
101.8 90.0 95.1

Spectral data

UV-Vis
λmax ? nm
Extinction coefficient, ε ?
IR
Major absorption bands ? cm
NMR
Proton NMR  
Carbon-13 NMR  
Other NMR data  
MS
Masses of
main fragments 		 

Safety data

Formic acid
EINECS number 200-579-1
Safety data
EU classification Corrosive (C)
PEL 5 ppm (9 mg/m)
IDLH 30 ppm
Autoignition temperature 520 °C
Explosive limits 18–51%
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References

  1. Morrison, Robert Thornton and Boyd, Robert Neilson, Organic Chemistry, 2nd ed. Allyn and Bacon 1972, p. 596
  2. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed. pp. 1669–1674
  3. Thornton Schnabel; Marfa Cortada; Jadran Vrabec; Santiago Lago; Hans Hasse. "Molecular Model for Formic Acid adjusted to Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium" (PDF). Institut für Technische Thermodynamik und Thermische Verfahrenstechnik (Institute for Technical Thermodynamic and Thermal Process Engineering), Universität Stuttgart. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 June 2007. Retrieved 3 May 2007.
  4. "Binary Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Data" (Queriable database). Chemical Engineering Research Information Center. Retrieved 6 May 2007.
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