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Fort Sewall
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. Historic district Contributing property
Fort Sewall bombproof
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Location	Marblehead, Massachusetts
Coordinates	42°30′32″N 70°50′30″W / 42.50889°N 70.84167°W / 42.50889; -70.84167
Built	1634
Part of	Marblehead Historic District (ID84002402)
NRHP reference No.	75001908
Significant dates
Added to NRHP	April 14, 1975
Designated CP	January 10, 1984

Fort Sewall is a historic coastal fortification in Marblehead, Massachusetts. It is located at Gale's Head, the northeastern point of the main Marblehead peninsula, on a promontory that overlooks the entrance to Marblehead Harbor. Until 1814 it was called Gale's Head Fort.

History

Gale's Head was first fortified in 1634, and was one of the oldest English coastal fortifications in the United States. A more permanent fortification was built in 1742 during King George's War and it served through the French and Indian War.

Gale's Head Fort was rebuilt in 1775 during the American Revolutionary War. It was garrisoned by Colonel John Glover's Marblehead Regiment in 1775–76.

After the American Revolution, the federal government took over the property during an expansion of the nation's coast defenses from 1794 to 1807, which is known as the First System of U.S. fortifications. A blockhouse was added in 1794, with further rebuilding in 1799; magazines from both of these rebuildings remain. Fort Sewall was also rebuilt in 1809 with 8 guns as part of the Second System (1807 to 1820). The secretary of war's report on fortifications dated December 1811 describes the fort as "an enclosed work of masonry and sods, mounting eight heavy cannon, covered by a blockhouse...".

Regular Army commanders of the fort (combined with Fort Pickering in Salem) from 1800 to 1812 included Capt. Alexander D. Pope 1800–1802, a detachment of Capt. Nehemiah Freeman's company 1802–1803, no federal garrison 1804–1808, and Capt. Stephen Ranney 1809–1812.

War of 1812

During the War of 1812, on April 3, 1814, USS Constitution took shelter under the guns of Fort Sewall from a pursuing pair of British frigates, HMS Tenedos and HMS Endymion. Despite lacking the ammunition and powder needed to sink or drive off the two frigates, the fort's garrison was able to bluff the British by running out all of their guns and acting as though they were preparing to attack. Faced with a 44-gun frigate and the defensive batteries of a fort, the British elected to retreat, none the wiser.

In 1814 the fort was named for Samuel Sewall (1757–1814), who served as Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Court from 1800 until his death in 1814. He was the great-grandson of the Salem witch trials judge of the same name, also a chief justice of the colony's highest court.

From April 1816 to March 1821 Fort Sewall was garrisoned by Company B of the Light Artillery Regiment with about 60 soldiers.

Civil War

The fort fell into ruins after the War of 1812. During the Civil War, Massachusetts militia troops were garrisoned at Fort Sewall, 12 pieces of artillery were mounted to defend Marblehead Harbor with the fort rebuilt accordingly, and a few Confederate prisoners of war were held there. The fort was nearly doubled in size by 1864 under Army engineer Major Charles E. Blunt, with a bombproof shelter added. A report on the fort's armament dated January 31, 1865 shows one 24-pounder smoothbore gun, eight 24-pounder rifled guns, and three 32-pounder rifled guns.

From May 16, 1864 to August 15, 1864 Fort Sewall was garrisoned by the 11th Unattached Company of the Massachusetts Volunteer Militia (formerly Company I, 8th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Militia). On August 15, 1864 the 11th Company was relieved by the 20th Unattached Company (formerly Company E, 4th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Militia) which also garrisoned the fort at Salisbury Point in the town of Salisbury. The 20th Company was mustered out shortly after the end of the war on June 29, 1865.

Spanish–American War

Fort Sewall was seen as no longer needed as a coast defense fort following the Civil War. The last military use of Fort Sewall was during the Spanish–American War in 1898. It was used as the mobilization site for Battery H, 1st Massachusetts Heavy Artillery, commanded by Captain Walter L. Pratt, from June to August, 1898. Battery H was raised in Chelsea and consisted of 3 officers and 58 enlisted men.

Current use

On May 22, 1892 the Town of Marblehead voted to adopt the fort as a town park, but the fort reverted to federal control during the Spanish–American War in 1898. The fort was turned over to the town by the federal government in 1922, and is now open as a public park. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.

See also

• Fort Miller
• Fort Glover
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, Massachusetts
• List of coastal fortifications of the United States
• List of military installations in Massachusetts

References

1. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. April 15, 2008.
2. ^ "Massachusetts - Fort Sewall". American Forts Network. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
3. ^ Roberts, p. 410
4. Wade, p. 242
5. Wade, p. 247
6. Graves, Eben W. (2007). The Descendants of Henry Sewall (1576-1656) of Manchester and Coventry, England, and Newbury and Rowley, Massachusetts (1st ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Newbury Street Press. p. 229. ISBN 978-0-88082-198-8.
7. ^ Ancestry.com, U.S. Returns of Military Posts, 1806-1916.
8. ^ Manuel, pp. 27–30
9. Thomas, Matthew (2013). Historic Powder Houses of New England: Arsenals of American Independence. Charleston SC: History Press. p. 105. ISBN 9781626192423.
10. Manuel, p. 39
11. 1st Massachusetts Heavy Artillery at SpanAmWar.com
12. Battery H at SpanAmWar.com
13. "Fort Sewall". Essex Heritage. Retrieved 2014-01-16.

• Manuel, Dale A. (Summer 2019). "Massachusetts North Shore Civil War Forts". Coast Defense Journal. Vol. 33, no. 3. Mclean, Virginia: CDSG Press.
• Roberts, Robert B. (1988). Encyclopedia of Historic Forts: The Military, Pioneer, and Trading Posts of the United States. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 0-02-926880-X.
• Wade, Arthur P. (2011). Artillerists and Engineers: The Beginnings of American Seacoast Fortifications, 1794–1815. CDSG Press. ISBN 978-0-9748167-2-2.

v t e Marblehead, Massachusetts
Incorporated in 1639 Based in Essex County in Massachusetts Population 19,808
General Information	Marblehead History Geography Demographics Education Points of interest Notable residents Art
Institutions	14th Continental Regiment Andrea Gail Burgess Company CW Hood Yachts Glover Elementary School Kingsport USS Marblehead 1861 C-11 CL-12 Marblehead High School Marblehead Little Theatre Race to Halifax Old Burial Hill Seatrain Winter Harbor 21
Notable Residents	Keith Ablow Frank Black Sheldon Brown William Starling Burgess Uriel Crocker Susan Estrich Shalane Flanagan Elbridge Gerry Julia Glass John Glover Tyler Hamilton Ted Hood Katherine Howe Ada Louise Huxtable Ruth Edna Kelley Harry Kemelman Peter Lynch John Nestor Rhod Sharp Joseph Story Cory Schneider Dave Silverman
Historic Houses	Elbridge Gerry Gen. John Glover Herreshoff Castle Jeremiah Lee Marblehead Colonial Raised House Old Town House Robert "King" Hooper Woodbury Point
Historic Buildings and Sites	Abbot Hall Fort Sewall Harris Farm Marblehead Historic District Saint Michael's Church Story Grammar School
v t e Neighboring towns Salem Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Salem Marblehead Atlantic Ocean Swampscott Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean
Category Town of Marblehead

v t e Former military forts, reservations, and camps in Massachusetts
Forts	Acushnet Andrew Andrews Banks Beverly Dalton Dawes Defiance Duvall Eastern Point Glover Heath Independence Juniper Lee Long Point Battery Miller Nichols (Merrimac) Old Stone Philip Phoenix Pickering Revere Taber (Rodman) Ruckman Salisbury Point Sewall Stage Standish (Boston) Standish (Plymouth) Strong (East Boston & Long Island) Warren Washington Winthrop
Reservations	Barneys Joy Point Brewster Islands Butler Point Calf Island East Point Elizabeth Islands Fourth Cliff Long Island Lovell's Island Mishaum Point Sagamore Hill Salisbury Beach
Camps	Adams Andrew Banks Brigham Cameron Candoit Chase Dalton Edmunds Ellsworth Camp Framingham (Bartlett, McGuinness, Dewey) Guild Havedoneit Hill Hingham Hobson Hooker Houston Ipswich Lander Lincoln Massasoit Meigs Myles Standish Perkins Plymouth Prescott Prospect Hill Scott South Hingham Stanton Sutton Washburn Wellfleet Wightman Wool

v t e U.S. National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Topics	Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types
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Other lists	Bridges Cape Cod National Seashore National Historic Landmarks Boston
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• Buildings and structures completed in 1644
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• Forts in Massachusetts
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• War of 1812 forts
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• Buildings and structures in Marblehead, Massachusetts
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• 1644 establishments in the Massachusetts Bay Colony
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