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Chinese regional cuisines are amongst the many different cuisines found in different provinces and prefectures of China as well as from larger overseas Chinese communities.
A number of different styles contribute to Chinese cuisine, but perhaps the best known and most influential are Guangdong cuisine, Shandong cuisine, Huaiyang cuisine, and Sichuan cuisine. These styles are distinctive from one another due to the factors such as availability of resources, climate, geography, history, cooking techniques and lifestyle. One style may favor the generous use of garlic and shallots over chili and spices, while another may favor preparing seafood over other meats and fowl.
Jiangsu cuisine favors cooking techniques such as braising and stewing, while Sichuan cuisine employs baking. Hairy crab is a highly sought after local delicacy in Shanghai, as it can be found in lakes within the region. Peking duck and dim-sum are other popular dishes well known outside of China.
Based on the raw materials and ingredients used, the method of preparation and cultural differences, a variety of foods with different flavors and textures are prepared in different regions of the country. Many traditional regional cuisines rely on basic methods of preservation such as drying, salting, pickling, and fermentation.
Eight Great Traditions
Historically, the Four Great Traditions (Chinese: 四大菜系; pinyin: Sìdà càixì) of Chinese cuisine are Chuan, Lu, Yue and Huaiyang, representing West, North, South and East China cuisine correspondingly. However, in modern times the list is often expanded to the Eight Great Traditions (Chinese: 八大菜系; pinyin: Bādà càixì), which are as follows:
Guangdong
Guangdong or Cantonese cuisine (Chinese: 粤菜; pinyin: yuècài) is a regional cuisine that emphasizes the minimal use of sauce which brings out the original taste of food itself. It is known for dim sum, a Cantonese term for small hearty dishes, which became popular in Hong Kong in the early 20th century. These bite-sized portions are prepared using traditional cooking methods such as frying, steaming, stewing, and baking. It is designed so that one person may taste an assortment of different dishes in bite-size. Some of these may include rice rolls, lotus leaf rice, turnip cakes, buns, jiaozi-style dumplings, stir-fried green vegetables, congee porridge, soups, etc. The Cantonese style of dining, yum cha, combines the variety of dim sum dishes with the drinking of tea. Yum cha literally means "drink tea".
Sichuan
Main article: Sichuanese cuisine
Sichuan cuisine (Chinese: 川菜; pinyin: chuāncài; spelled Szechuan or Szechwan in the once-common postal romanization) is a style of Chinese cuisine originating from the Sichuan Province of southwestern China, famed for bold flavors, particularly the pungency and spiciness resulting from liberal use of garlic and chili peppers, as well as the unique flavor of the Sichuan peppercorn, famed for the mouthfeel it gives, (花椒; huājiāo) and facing heaven pepper (朝天椒; cháotiān jiāo). Peanuts, sesame paste, and ginger are also prominent ingredients in this style.
Anhui
Main article: Anhui cuisineAnhui cuisine (徽菜; huīcài or 徽州菜; huīzhōu cài) is derived from the native cooking styles of the Huangshan Mountains region in China and is similar to Jiangsu cuisine, but with less emphasis on seafood and more on a wide variety of local herbs and vegetables. Anhui Province is particularly endowed with fresh bamboo and mushroom crops.
Shandong
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Shandong cuisine (鲁菜; lǔcài), also commonly known as Lu cuisine, is a style of Chinese cuisine originating from the Shandong Province. Shandong cuisine enjoyed significant patronage from the imperial families of the Ming and Qing dynasties, contributing prominently to imperial cuisine and gaining popularity across North China. Shandong cuisine encompasses a diverse range of cooking techniques and utilizes a variety of seafood ingredients. It is characterized by its incorporation of both clear broth and creamy soups. Common offerings on local menus often include braised abalone, fried sea cucumbers, sweet and sour carp, braised pork intestines, and Dezhou chicken, a marinated chicken dish originating from the city of Dezhou.
Fujian
Fujian cuisine (闽菜; mǐncài) is influenced by Fujian's coastal position and mountainous terrain. Woodland delicacies such as edible mushrooms and bamboo shoots are also utilized. Slicing techniques are valued in the cuisine and utilized to enhance the flavor, aroma, and texture of seafood and other foods. Fujian cuisine is often served in a broth or soup, with cooking techniques including braising, stewing, steaming, and boiling.
Jiangsu
Main article: Jiangsu cuisineJiangsu cuisine (苏菜; sūcài) is one of the major components of Chinese cuisine, which consists of the styles of Huai'an, Yangzhou, Nanjing, Suzhou and Zhenjiang dishes. It is especially popular in the lower reach of the Yangtze River. Huaiyang cuisine, one of the Four Great Traditions, is a style of Jiangsu cuisine.
Typical courses of Jiangsu cuisine are Jinling salted dried duck (Nanjing's most famous dish), crystal meat (pork heels in a bright, brown sauce), clear crab shell meatballs (pork meatballs in crab shell powder, fatty, yet fresh), and Yangzhou steamed jerky strips (dried tofu, chicken, ham and pea leaves).
Hunan
Hunan cuisine (湘菜; Xiāngcài) is well known for its hot spicy flavor, fresh aroma, and deep color. Common cooking techniques include stewing, stir-frying, pot-roasting, braising, and smoking. Due to the high agricultural output of the region, there are many varied ingredients for Hunan dishes. Hunan cuisine is called Xiāngcài in China, because the abbreviation of Hunan Province is Xiāng (湘). Some typical dishes of Hunan cuisine are steaming smoked meat, stew fish, and rice noodle soup. Besides spicy, Hunan cuisine, especially western Hunan, also emphasizes sourness. Therefore, different kinds of pickles are popular in Hunan; for example, douchi is a type of fermented and salted black soybean.
Zhejiang
Main article: Zhejiang cuisineZhejiang cuisine (浙菜; Zhècài or 浙江菜; zhèjiāngcài) derives from the native cooking styles of the Zhejiang region. The dishes are not greasy, having instead a fresh, soft flavor with a mellow fragrance.
The cuisine consists of at least four styles, each of which originated from different cities in the province:
- Hangzhou style, characterized by rich variations and the use of bamboo shoots
- Shaoxing style, specializing in poultry and freshwater fish
- Ningbo style, specializing in seafood
- Shanghai style, a combination of different Zhe styles, is also very famous for its dim sum
Other
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Other regions and ethnic groups with unique dishes and styles are represented in China, including Macau, Taiwan, and many more.
Dong Bei
Main article: Northeastern Chinese cuisineMany dishes in this region originated in Manchu cuisine, but it is also heavily influenced by the cuisines of Russia, Beijing, Mongolia, and Shandong. It partially relies on preserved foods and large portions due to the region's harsh winters and relatively short growing seasons.
Gansu
Main article: Gansu cuisineGansu cuisine is the regional cooking style of the Han Chinese, deeply influenced by the local Hui people in the Gansu province of Northwestern China.
Hainan
Main article: Hainan cuisineHainan cuisine is derived from the cooking styles of the peoples of Hainan Province in China. The food is lighter, less oily, and more mildly seasoned than that of the Chinese mainland. Seafood predominates the menu, as prawn, crab, and freshwater and ocean fish are widely available.
Hakka
Hakka cuisine is the cooking style of the Hakka people, and it may also be found in parts of Taiwan and in countries with significant overseas Hakka communities. It emphasizes the texture of food, and features preserved meats and vegetables.
Jilin
Main article: Jilin cuisineJilin cuisine is the regional cooking style of the Han Chinese with heavy influence from native Manchu, Korean, and Mongolian minorities in the Jilin Province of Northeastern China.
Mongolian
Main article: Mongolian cuisineMongolian hotpot is very famous in China, and popular with the Han ethnic group.
Qinghai
Main article: Qinghai cuisineQinghai cuisine is the regional cooking style of the Han Chinese with distinct influence from the Hui, Monguor people, and Tibetans in the Qinghai province in Northwest China.
Tibetan
Main article: Tibetan cuisineTibetan cuisine is traditionally served with bamboo chopsticks, in contrast to other Himalayan cuisines, which are eaten by hand. Small soup bowls are used, and the wealthier Tibetans ate from bowls of gold and silver.
Xinjiang
Main article: Xinjiang cuisineThe cuisine of Xinjiang reflects the region's many ethnic groups, and refers particularly to Uyghur cuisine. Signature ingredients include roasted mutton, kebabs, roasted fish and rice. Because of the distinctive Muslim population, the food is predominantly halal.
Yunnan
Main article: Yunnan cuisineYunnan only began to come under significant Chinese influence some 1000 years after Sichuan was annexed. As the most geographically, ethnically and culturally diverse province in modern China, it naturally features a wide variety of cuisine.
References
- ^ Yao, Zhang. China Everyday!. Page One Pub. 2007. ISBN 978-981-245-330-3
- "Regions of Chinese food-styles/flavors of cooking." Archived 2011-10-05 at the Wayback Machine University of Kansas Archived 2021-03-02 at the Wayback Machine, Kansas Asia Scholars. Accessed June 2011.
- "China's Culinary Diversity in One Map"
- J. Li & Y. Hsieh. Traditional Chinese Food Technology and Cuisine. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition.
- "Four Major Cuisines in China". CITS. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
- Editorial Team of Hong Kong Economic Journal. "舌尖上的中國：八大菜系由來 ". Hong Kong Economic Journal.
- K K News (2 February 2018). "港式點心之前世今生 [The History of Dim Sum in Hong Kong Style]". Archived from the original on 2021-05-09.
- Wong, Ethan (2017-08-26). "Everything about Sichuan Cuisine - History and more". 3thanWong. Retrieved 2023-04-04.
- Zhang, Megan. "Sichuan peppercorn: A Chinese spice so hot it cools". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2023-04-04.
- "Shandong Cuisine".
- "Lu cuisine".
- ^ "Shandong Cuisine". www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 2024-04-21.
- ^ "Fujian Cuisine. Archived 2013-07-31 at the Wayback Machine Beautyfujian.com Archived 2011-07-10 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed June 2011.
- "Hunan Cuisine." China.org, Chinese Imperial Cuisines. Accessed June 2011.
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