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Motorola MC68HC11

Motorola MC68HC11 in a 48-pin DIP package
General information
Launched	1984; 40 years ago (1984)
Common manufacturer	Motorola, Freescale, NXP
Performance
Data width	8
Address width	16
Architecture and classification
Application	Embedded
Instruction set	68HC11
Physical specifications
Package	48-pin DIP, 52-pin PLCC
History
Predecessor	6801
Successors	Freescale 68HC16, Freescale 68HC12

The 68HC11 (also abbreviated as 6811 or HC11) is an 8-bit microcontroller family introduced by Motorola Semiconductor in 1984 (later from Freescale then NXP). It descended from the Motorola 6800 microprocessor by way of the 6801. The 68HC11 devices are more powerful and more expensive than the 68HC08 microcontrollers and are used in automotive applications, barcode readers, hotel card key writers, amateur robotics, and various other embedded systems. The MC68HC11A8 was the first microcontroller to include CMOS EEPROM.

Architecture

Internally, the HC11 instruction set is backward compatible with the 6800 and features the addition of a Y index register. It has two eight-bit accumulators, A and B, two sixteen-bit index registers, X and Y, a condition code register, a 16-bit stack pointer, and a program counter. In addition, there is an 8 x 8-bit multiply (A x B), with full 16-bit result, and fractional/integer 16-bit by 16-bit divide instructions. A range of 16-bit instructions treat the A and B registers as a combined 16-bit D register for comparison (X and Y registers may also be compared to 16-bit memory operands), addition, subtraction and shift operations, or can add the B accumulator to the X or Y index registers. Bit test operations have also been added, performing a logical and function between operands, setting the correct conditions codes, but not modifying the operands.

Different versions of the HC11 have different numbers of external ports, labeled alphabetically. The most common version has five ports, A, B, C, D, and E, but some have as few as 3 ports (version D3). Each port is eight bits wide except for D, which is six bits (in some variations of the chip, D also has eight bits). It can be operated with an internal program and RAM (1 to 768 bytes) or an external memory of up to 64 kilobytes. With external memory, B and C are used as address and data bus. In this mode, port C is multiplexed to carry both the lower byte of the address and data.

Implementations

In the early 1990s Motorola produced an evaluation board kit for the 68HC11 with several UARTs, RAM, and an EPROM. The cost of the evaluation kit was $68.11.

The standard monitor for the HC11 family is called BUFFALO, "Bit User Fast Friendly Aid to Logical Operation". It can be stored in on-chip ROM, EPROM, or external memory (also typically EPROM). BUFFALO is available for most 68HC11 family derivatives as it generally only depends upon having access to a single UART (SCI, or Serial Communications Interface, in Motorola parlance). BUFFALO can also run on devices that do not have internal non-volatile memory, such as the 68HC11A0, A1, E0, E1, and F1 derivatives.

Other versions

The Freescale 68HC16 microcontroller family is intended as a 16-bit mostly software-compatible upgrade of the 68HC11.

The Freescale 68HC12 microcontroller family is an enhanced 16-bit version of the 68HC11.

The Handy Board robotics controller by Fred Martin is based on the 68HC11.

A MC68HC24 port replacement unit is available for the 68HC11D, which lacks ports B and C. When placed on the external address bus, it replicates the original functions of B and C. This chip was also used in the evaluation board for in-circuit emulation. Port A has input capture, output compare, pulse accumulator, and other timer functions; port D has serial I/O, and port E has an analog-to-digital converter (ADC).

Notes

1. Instructions using the Y register have opcodes prefixed with the byte 0x18.

References

1. Official 68HC11 Reference Manual
2. Motorola Annual Report 1984
3. Hambley, Allan R.(2011). Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, Pearson Higher Education. p. 417. Digitized by Google. Retrieved on May 17, 2012.
4. "M68HC11 Reference Manual". Archived from the original on 2017-11-10. Retrieved 2020-04-08.
5. comp.dsp. 1 Oct. 1996
6. Handy Board Hardware

Further reading

Datasheets and manuals

• M68HC11 Reference Manual; Motorola; 498 pages; 1991.
• MC68HC11A8 Technical Manual; Motorola; 154 pages; 1991.
• MC68HC11E9 Technical Manual; Motorola; 170 pages; 1991.

Books

• Microcontroller Technology – 68HC11; 1st Ed; Peter Spasov; Regents/Prentice Hall; 622 pages; 1993; ISBN 978-0135835685. (archive)
• Build Your Own Robot – 68HC11; 1st Ed; Karl Lunt; A.K. Peters Publishing; 574 pages; 2000; ISBN 978-1568811024. (archive)

External links

• Freescale 68HC11 (Legacy) Part Info
• ASM11 macro cross-assembler for Windows and Linux

Simulators / Emulators

• THRSim11 68HC11 simulator and debugger – Windows

Boards

• 4MHz-bus 68HC11F1-based board
• Wytec 68HC11 Development Board

FPGA

• System11 68HC11 CPU core – VHDL source code – OpenCores – project website
• Green Mountain Synthesizable 68HC11 CPU core – VHDL source code

• NXP Semiconductors microcontrollers
• Freescale Semiconductor microcontrollers
• Motorola microcontrollers