The Fremantle Doctor, the Freo Doctor, or simply The Doctor, is the Western Australian vernacular term for the cooling afternoon sea breeze that occurs during summer months in south west coastal areas of Western Australia. The sea breeze occurs because of the major temperature difference between the land and sea.
The name was in use as early as the 1870s and was similar to equivalent terms for winds that occurred in South Africa and the West Indies.
General trend
During summer months, the Fremantle Doctor consistently blows from the southwest along the southern half of the west coast, starting between 10 am and 3 pm. It can penetrate as far inland as 100 kilometres (60 mi), reaching York in the early evening.
In Perth, the capital city of Western Australia, the wind is named the Fremantle Doctor because it appears to come from the nearby coastal city of Fremantle, and it brings welcome relief from the summertime high temperatures.
The Fremantle Doctor often cools the Perth suburbs by several degrees, whilst nearer the coast the wind can be quite strong, often blowing between 15 and 20 knots (28 and 37 km/h; 17 and 23 mph).
On days when the wind fails, the afternoon temperatures of Perth suburbs are considerably higher, often exceeding 40 °C (104 °F), although this is also attributable to the influence of a strong easterly wind blowing in hot desert air from the arid interior of the state.
It was known to have an impact on cricket games being played at the WACA Ground, particularly helping fast and medium swing bowlers by making it hard for a batsman to play at the ball, while also providing a cooling breeze to the players on the field.
Further analysis
The Fremantle Doctor is strongest in December and January, when the temperature differential between the land and ocean is greatest. In February and March the breeze is not as strong, because the ocean is a bit warmer. Though October and November are not as warm, the ocean is cooler, resulting in the sea breeze in these months.
Other months have a weak or non-existent Fremantle Doctor. In the winter months, the land is usually cooler than the ocean, and this sometimes results in the weaker land breeze in the early morning.
When the Fremantle Doctor first arrives it is from the west-south-west direction. Later when it is at maximum strength, the direction is usually from the southwest or south-south-west. By the early evening, the direction is from the south. This change in wind direction is due to the Coriolis effect. Other factors, like the prevailing wind of a particular day, can also have an effect on the direction.
A wind rose showing the different wind directions for Perth can be found at the Bureau of Meteorology's website.
See also
Notes
- Christensen, Joseph (2009). "Fremantle Doctor". In Jenny Gregory; Janice Gothard (eds.). Historical Encyclopedia of Western Australia (PDF). Crawley: UWA Publishing. p. 389. ISBN 978-1-921401-15-2. OCLC 405500003. OL 45266821M. Wikidata Q5773872. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
- "W.A.C.A. Ground". cricinfo. ESPN Sports Media. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
The often intense Perth heat is famously eased in the afternoon by the Fremantle Doctor, a breeze which sweeps in along the Swan River.
- Masselink, G.; Pattiaratchi, C.B. (2001). "Characteristics of the sea breeze system in Perth, Western Australia, and its effect on the nearshore wave climate". Journal of Coastal Research. 17 (1): 173–187. JSTOR 4300161.
The reason for the obliquely-onshore sea breeze system in Perth may be attributed to the interaction between the sea breeze and the geostrophic winds associated with the synoptic weather patterns. The Perth sea breeze system in sensu stricto is southwesterly due to a combination of pressure gradient flow (owing to differential heating) and the Coriolis force (Kepert and Smith, 1992). The Coriolis force has no influence on the wind direction at the start of the sea breeze, but may induce a small anti-clockwise shift in the wind direction of about 200 during the sea breeze.
- Wind roses for selected locations in Australia, Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 30 January 2010.
Further reading
- "Origin of term for the sea breeze in Perth still unknown". The Sunday Times: (Perth, W.A.), 23 Feb. 1986, p. 49,
- Masselink, G. (1996). Sea breeze activity and its effect on coastal processes near Perth, Western Australia. Royal Society of Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, Vol. 79, part 3 (September 1996) p. 199-205.
- Courtney, Joe; Middelmann, Miriam (2005). "Meteorological hazards". Natural hazard risk in Perth, Western Australia – Cities Project Perth Report. Geoscience Australia.