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Fukuiraptor Temporal range: Early Cretaceous, 125–115 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Reconstructed skeleton
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Dinosauria
Clade:	Saurischia
Clade:	Theropoda
Clade:	†Megaraptora
Genus:	†Fukuiraptor Azuma & Currie, 2000
Type species
†Fukuiraptor kitadaniensis Azuma & Currie, 2000

Fukuiraptor ("thief of Fukui") was a medium-sized megaraptoran theropod dinosaur of the Early Cretaceous epoch (either Barremian or Aptian) that lived in what is now Japan. Fukuiraptor is known from the Kitadani Formation and possibly also the Sebayashi Formation.

History

The type specimen is a partial skeleton (designated FPDM-V97122) discovered in the Kitadani quarry near Katsuyama in the Fukui prefecture. It is thought that this specimen was not mature and an adult may have been larger. The remains of many other individuals have been found in the quarry, with numerous humeri, femurs, and teeth being assigned to this species. However, the other individuals recovered from the same locality are mostly juveniles that were smaller than the holotype (Currie & Azuma, 2006), in the smallest case less than a quarter of the holotype's size. A tooth (NDC-P0001) discovered in a block of conglomerate from the Sebayashi Formation has been referred to Fukuiraptor as well.

Description

As indicated by its slender phalanges, Fukuiraptor was a relatively lightly built animal, regardless of its maturity. The immature holotype is estimated to reach 4.2 metres (14 ft) long and weigh 175 kg (386 lb) in its initial description. In 2010 Gregory Paul gave a length of 5 meters (16 ft) and a weight of 300 kg (660 lbs). In 2014, its body mass was estimated up to 250 kilograms (550 lb). Molina-Pérez and Larramendi estimated a length of 4.3 meters (14.1 ft) and a weight of 590 kg (1,300 lbs) in 2016.

The distinctive teeth of Fukuiraptor show similarities with both carcharodontosaurids (being very compressed and blade-like, as well as having wrinkled enamel) and tyrannosaurids (having oblique blood grooves near the serrations). The holotype also had very large and flat manual unguals (hand claws), which played a role in its initial classification as a dromaeosaurid (as the hand claws were mistaken for foot claws) as well as its current classification as a megaraptoran.

Classification

Initially considered a member of the Dromaeosauridae when first discovered, its initial describers considered it a carnosaur, related to Allosaurus. More recent studies consider it a megaraptoran, an enigmatic group which may have been part of the family Neovenatoridae. However, more recently, another analysis has proposed that all megaraptorans are actually tyrannosauroids, which would reclassify Fukuiraptor as a tyrannosauroid coelurosaur. Recent cladistic analysis of the theropod Gualicho has suggested that Fukuiraptor and other megaraptorans are either allosauroids, or non-tyrannosauroid basal coelurosaurs.

It has been suggested that Fukuiraptor is a close relative to the Australian megaraptoran known as Australovenator, however a subsequent study has placed Australovenator as a megaraptorid megaraptoran alongside other derived South American taxa, while Fukuiraptor remains a megaraptoran outside of Megaraptoridae.

Below is a cladogram reconstructing the position of Fukuiraptor in the Megaraptora as per Delcourt and Grillo, 2018.

Palaeoecology

In the Kitadani Formation, where fossils of Fukuiraptor have been recovered, fossils of other vertebrates have been preserved. Among the species that have been properly described and named are Fukuisaurus tetoriensis, a styracostern ornithischian, Fukuititan nipponensis, a titanosauriform sauropod, Koshisaurus katsuyama, a hadrosauroid ornithischian, Fukuivenator paradoxus, a therizinosaurian theropod, and Fukuipteryx prima, an avialan as defined by the authors.

External links

• Image of the holotype skeleton, published by the twitter account of Thomas Holtz
• "Fukuiraptor kitadaniensis". Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum. Archived from the original on 29 August 2006.

References

1. ^ Azuma, Yoichi; Philip J., Currie (2000). "A new carnosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Japan" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 37 (12): 1735–1753. Bibcode:2000CaJES..37.1735A. doi:10.1139/e00-064.
2. ^ Currie, P.J.; Azuma, Y. (2006). "New specimens, including a growth series, of Fukuiraptor (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous Kitadani Quarry of Japan". J. Paleont. Soc. Korea. 22 (1): 173–193 – via ResearchGate.
3. "A tooth of Fukuiraptor aff. F. kitadaniensis from the Lower Cretaceous Sebayashi Formation, Sanchu Cretaceous, Japan: 東京学芸大学リポジトリ". ir.u-gakugei.ac.jp. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
4. Molnar, Ralph E.; Obata, Ikuwo; Tanimoto, Masahiro; Matsukawa, Masaki (2009). "A tooth of Fukuiraptor aff. F. kitadaniensis from the Lower Cretaceous Sebayashi Formation, Sanchu Cretaceous, Japan". Bulletin of Tokyo Gakugei University, Division of Natural Sciences. 61: 105–117 – via ResearchGate.
5. Paul, Gregory S. (2010). The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 98.
6. Benson, Roger B. J.; Campione, Nicolás E.; Carrano, Matthew T.; Mannion, Philip D.; Sullivan, Corwin; Upchurch, Paul; Evans, David C. (6 May 2014). "Rates of Dinosaur Body Mass Evolution Indicate 170 Million Years of Sustained Ecological Innovation on the Avian Stem Lineage". PLOS Biology. 12 (5): e1001853. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001853. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 4011683. PMID 24802911. Supporting Information
7. Molina-Pérez & Larramendi (2016). Récords y curiosidades de los dinosaurios Terópodos y otros dinosauromorfos. Barcelona, Spain: Larousse. p. 263.
8. ^ Benson, R. B. J.; Carrano, M. T.; Brusatte, S. L. (2010). "A new clade of archaic large-bodied predatory dinosaurs (Theropoda: Allosauroidea) that survived to the latest Mesozoic". Naturwissenschaften. 97 (1): 71–78. Bibcode:2010NW.....97...71B. doi:10.1007/s00114-009-0614-x. PMID 19826771. S2CID 22646156.
9. Novas, F. E.; Agnolín, F. L.; Ezcurra, M. D.; Canale, J. I.; Porfiri, J. D. (2012). "Megaraptorans as members of an unexpected evolutionary radiation of tyrant-reptiles in Gondwana". Ameghiniana. 49 (4(R): Suplemento Resúmenes ): R33.
10. Apesteguía, Sebastián; Smith, Nathan D.; Valieri, Rubén Juárez; Makovicky, Peter J. (13 July 2016). "An Unusual New Theropod with a Didactyl Manus from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina". PLOS ONE. 11 (7): e0157793. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1157793A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157793. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4943716. PMID 27410683.
11. Currie, Phillip J.; Coria, Rodolfo A. (20 July 2016). "A New Megaraptoran Dinosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda, Megaraptoridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia". PLOS ONE. 11 (7): e0157973. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1157973C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157973. PMC 4954680. PMID 27439002.
12. ^ Delcourt, Rafael; Grillo, Orlando Nelson (15 December 2018). "Tyrannosauroids from the Southern Hemisphere: Implications for biogeography, evolution, and taxonomy". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 511: 379–387. Bibcode:2018PPP...511..379D. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.09.003. ISSN 0031-0182. S2CID 133830150.
13. Kobayashi, Yoshitsugu; Azuma, Yoichi (11 April 2003). "A new iguanodontian (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) from the Lower Cretaceous Kitadani Formation of Fukui Prefecture, Japan". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 23 (1): 166–175. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2003)23[166:anidof]2.0.co;2. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 131386181.
14. Azuma, Yoichi; Shibata, Masateru (2010). "Fukuititan nipponensis, A New Titanosauriform Sauropod from the Early Cretaceous Tetori Group of Fukui Prefecture, Japan". Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition. 84 (3): 454–462. Bibcode:2010AcGlS..84..454A. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2010.00268.x. ISSN 1755-6724. S2CID 128897110.
15. "New basal hadrosauroid (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) from the Lower Cretaceous Kitadani Formation, Fukui, central Japan" (PDF). Zootaxa.
16. Azuma, Yoichi; Xu, Xing; Shibata, Masateru; Kawabe, Soichiro; Miyata, Kazunori; Imai, Takuya (23 February 2016). "A bizarre theropod from the Early Cretaceous of Japan highlighting mosaic evolution among coelurosaurians". Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 20478. Bibcode:2016NatSR...620478A. doi:10.1038/srep20478. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4763874. PMID 26908367.
17. Imai, Takuya; Azuma, Yoichi; Kawabe, Soichiro; Shibata, Masateru; Miyata, Kazunori; Wang, Min; Zhou, Zhonghe (14 November 2019). "An unusual bird (Theropoda, Avialae) from the Early Cretaceous of Japan suggests complex evolutionary history of basal birds". Communications Biology. 2 (1): 399. doi:10.1038/s42003-019-0639-4. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 6856171. PMID 31754639.

v t e Theropoda
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Sauropsida Clade: Avemetatarsalia Clade: Dinosauria Avemetatarsalia see Avemetatarsalia Theropoda see below↓
Theropoda Theropoda Chindesaurus? Daemonosaurus? Eodromaeus? Erythrovenator Guaibasaurus? Nhandumirim? Tawa? Herrerasauria? Neotheropoda Dilophosaurus Dolichosuchus? Dracovenator Gojirasaurus Lepidus Liliensternus Lophostropheus Notatesseraeraptor Sarcosaurus Shuangbaisaurus Sinosaurus Tachiraptor Velocipes? Zupaysaurus Coelophysoidea Dracoraptor? Panguraptor Pendraig Podokesaurus Powellvenator Coelophysidae Camposaurus Coelophysis Lucianovenator Megapnosaurus? Panguraptor? Procompsognathus Pterospondylus? Segisaurus Averostra see below↓ Dubious neotheropods Teinurosaurus Halticosaurus
Averostra Averostra Dornraptor Lophostropheus? Ceratosauria Berberosaurus Fosterovenator? Jubbulpuria Lukousaurus? Saltriovenator Ceratosauridae Ceratosaurus Genyodectes Abelisauroidea Betasuchus? Lametasaurus? Ornithomimoides? Ozraptor? Noasauridae Afromimus? Austrocheirus? Berthasaura Compsosuchus? Dahalokely? Deltadromeus? Genusaurus? Kiyacursor Ligabueino Spinostropheus Elaphrosaurinae Elaphrosaurus Huinculsaurus Limusaurus Noasaurinae Laevisuchus Masiakasaurus Noasaurus Velocisaurus Vespersaurus Abelisauridae Chenanisaurus Dryptosauroides? Eoabelisaurus Indosuchus Kryptops Kurupi Rugops Spectrovenator Tarascosaurus Tralkasaurus Xenotarsosaurus Majungasaurinae Arcovenator Dahalokely? Genusaurus Indosaurus Majungasaurus Rahiolisaurus? Rajasaurus Carnotaurinae Majungasaurinae? Brachyrostra Dahalokely? Ekrixinatosaurus Elemgasem Guemesia Ilokelesia Llukalkan Niebla Rahiolisaurus? Skorpiovenator Thanos Furileusauria Abelisaurus Aucasaurus Caletodraco Carnotaurus Elemgasem? Koleken Pycnonemosaurus Quilmesaurus Viavenator Tetanurae see below↓
Tetanurae Tetanurae Calamospondylus? Chienkosaurus? Chilesaurus? Chuandongocoelurus Cruxicheiros? Cryolophosaurus Kaijiangosaurus Kayentavenator Monolophosaurus Pandoravenator Sinosaurus? Szechuanosaurus Vectaerovenator Orionides Megalosauroidea Yunyangosaurus Piatnitzkysauridae Condorraptor Marshosaurus Piatnitzkysaurus Xuanhanosaurus? Megalosauria Streptospondylus? Megalosauridae Eustreptospondylus Megalosaurinae Duriavenator Megalosaurus Torvosaurus Wiehenvenator Afrovenatorinae Afrovenator Dubreuillosaurus Leshansaurus Magnosaurus Piveteausaurus Poekilopleuron? Spinosauridae Camarillasaurus? Cristatusaurus Iberospinus Ostafrikasaurus? Baryonychinae Baryonyx Protathlitis Riojavenatrix Suchosaurus? Vallibonavenatrix? Ceratosuchopsini Ceratosuchops Riparovenator Suchomimus Spinosaurinae Camarillasaurus? Ichthyovenator Irritator Oxalaia Siamosaurus Spinosaurini Sigilmassasaurus Spinosaurus Avetheropoda see below↓
Avetheropoda Avetheropoda Gasosaurus? Lourinhanosaurus? Carnosauria Altispinax Monolophosaurus? Megalosauridae? Spinosauridae? Allosauroidea Asfaltovenator Erectopus Xuanhanosaurus? Piatnitzkysauridae? Metriacanthosauridae Xuanhanosaurus? Yangchuanosaurus Metriacanthosaurinae Alpkarakush Metriacanthosaurus Shidaisaurus Siamotyrannus Sinraptor Allosauria Allosauridae Allosaurus Antrodemus? Epanterias? Saurophaganax? Carcharodontosauria Datanglong Lusovenator Siamraptor Siats? Ulughbegsaurus? Veterupristisaurus Neovenatoridae Chilantaisaurus? Gualicho? Neovenator Siats? Megaraptora? Carcharodontosauridae Acrocanthosaurus Altispinax? Concavenator Eocarcharia Kelmayisaurus Lajasvenator Sauroniops Shaochilong Ulughbegsaurus? Veterupristisaurus Carcharodontosaurinae Carcharodontosaurus Giganotosaurini Giganotosaurus Mapusaurus Meraxes Taurovenator Tyrannotitan Megaraptora? Aoniraptor Bahariasaurus? Deltadromeus? Fukuiraptor Phuwiangvenator Rapator Siats? Chilantaisaurus? Megaraptoridae Aerosteon Australovenator Maip Megaraptor Murusraptor Orkoraptor Tratayenia Coelurosauria see below↓
Coelurosauria Coelurosauria Aratasaurus Asiamericana Bahariasaurus? Bicentenaria Chilantaisaurus? Gualicho? Richardoestesia Sciurumimus? Vayuraptor Xinjiangovenator Zuolong Tyrannoraptora Tyrannosauroidea Chingkankousaurus Labocania? Coeluridae? Coelurus Tanycolagreus? Proceratosauridae Guanlong Kileskus Proceratosaurus Sinotyrannus Yutyrannus Pantyrannosauria Alectrosaurus Aviatyrannis Bagaraatan? Dilong Eotyrannus Jinbeisaurus Juratyrant Moros Santanaraptor Stokesosaurus Suskityrannus Timimus? Timurlengia Xiongguanlong Megaraptora? Eutyrannosauria Appalachiosaurus Bistahieversor? Dryptosaurus Tyrannosauridae Albertosaurinae Albertosaurus Gorgosaurus Tyrannosaurinae Asiatyrannus Nanuqsaurus Alioramini Alioramus Qianzhousaurus Daspletosaurini Daspletosaurus Thanatotheristes Teratophoneini Bistahieversor? Dynamoterror Labocania? Lythronax Teratophoneus Tyrannosaurini Tarbosaurus Tyrannosaurus Zhuchengtyrannus Maniraptoromorpha see below↓ Dubious coelurosaurs Iliosuchus Kakuru Phaedrolosaurus Shanyangosaurus
Maniraptoromorpha Maniraptoromorpha Coelurus? Juravenator Ornitholestes Neocoelurosauria Aniksosaurus Compsognathidae Aniksosaurus? Aristosuchus Beipiaognathus? Compsognathus Huaxiagnathus Mirischia Scipionyx? Sinocalliopteryx Sinosauropteryx Xunmenglong Maniraptoriformes Compsognathidae? Ornithomimosauria Arkansaurus Aviatyrannis? Calamosaurus? Hexing Kinnareemimus Nedcolbertia Nqwebasaurus Thecocoelurus? Valdoraptor Macrocheiriformes Harpymimus Pelecanimimus Shenzhousaurus Deinocheiridae Beishanlong Deinocheirus Garudimimus Harpymimus? Paraxenisaurus? Tyrannomimus Ornithomimidae Aepyornithomimus Anserimimus Archaeornithomimus "Coelosaurus" Dromiceiomimus Gallimimus Ornithomimus Qiupalong Rativates Sinornithomimus Struthiomimus Tototlmimus Maniraptora see Maniraptora includes birds

• Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia
• Extinct animals of Japan
• Megaraptorans
• Taxa named by Philip J. Currie
• Fossil taxa described in 2000
• Aptian genera
• Barremian genera
• Dinosaurs of Japan