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(Redirected from Gallinaceous) Order of heavy-bodied ground-feeding birds

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Galliformes Temporal range: Eocene-Recent, 55–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Possible earlier origin based on molecular clock

Clockwise from top left: Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus), red junglefowl (Gallus gallus), golden pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus), red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa), Gunnison grouse (Centrocercus minimus), wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), great curassow (Crax rubra), helmeted guineafowl (Numida meleagris)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Clade:	Pangalliformes
Order:	Galliformes Temminck, 1820
Extant families
Megapodiidae Cracidae Superfamily Phasianoidea Odontophoridae Numididae Phasianidae
Synonyms
Phasianiformes

Galliformes /ˌɡælɪˈfɔːrmiːz/ is an order of heavy-bodied ground-feeding birds that includes turkeys, chickens, quail, and other landfowl. Gallinaceous birds, as they are called, are important in their ecosystems as seed dispersers and predators, and are often reared by humans for their meat and eggs, or hunted as game birds.

The order contains about 290 species, inhabiting every continent except Antarctica, and divided into five families: Phasianidae (including chicken, quail, partridges, pheasants, turkeys, peafowl (peacocks) and grouse), Odontophoridae (New World quail), Numididae (guinea fowl), Cracidae (including chachalacas and curassows), and Megapodiidae (incubator birds like malleefowl and brush-turkeys). They adapt to most environments except for innermost deserts and perpetual ice.

Many gallinaceous species are skilled runners and escape predators by running rather than flying. Males of most species are more colorful than the females, with often elaborate courtship behaviors that include strutting, fluffing of tail or head feathers, and vocal sounds. They are mainly nonmigratory. Several species have been domesticated during their long and extensive relationships with humans.

The name Galliformes derives from "gallus", Latin for "rooster". Common names are gamefowl or gamebirds, landfowl, gallinaceous birds, or galliforms. Galliforms and waterfowl (order Anseriformes) are collectively called fowl.

Systematics and evolution

Despite its distinct appearance, the wild turkey is actually a very close relative of pheasants

The living Galliformes were once divided into seven or more families. Despite their distinctive appearance, grouse and turkeys probably do not warrant separation as families due to their recent origin from partridge- or pheasant-like birds. The turkeys became larger after their ancestors colonized temperate and subtropical North America, where pheasant-sized competitors were absent. The ancestors of grouse, though, adapted to harsh climates and could thereby colonize subarctic regions. Consequently, the Phasianidae are expanded in current taxonomy to include the former Tetraonidae and Meleagrididae as subfamilies.

The Anseriformes (waterfowl) and the Galliformes together make up the Galloanserae. They are basal among the living neognathous birds, and normally follow the Paleognathae (ratites and tinamous) in modern bird classification systems. This was first proposed in the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy and has been the one major change of that proposed scheme that was almost universally adopted. However, the Galliformes as they were traditionally delimited are called Gallomorphae in the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy, which splits the Cracidae and Megapodiidae as an order "Craciformes". This is not a natural group, however, but rather an erroneous result of the now-obsolete phenetic methodology employed in the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy. Phenetic studies do not distinguish between plesiomorphic and apomorphic characters, which leads to basal lineages appearing as monophyletic groups.

Historically, the buttonquails (Turnicidae), mesites (Mesitornithidae) and the hoatzin (Opisthocomus hoazin) were placed in the Galliformes, too. The former are now known to be shorebirds adapted to an inland lifestyle, whereas the mesites are probably closely related to pigeons and doves. The relationships of the hoatzin are entirely obscure, and it is usually treated as a monotypic order Opisthocomiformes to signify this.

The fossil record for the Galliformes is incomplete.

Galliformes

Megapodiidae – megapodes (7 genera, 21 extant species)

Cracidae – chachalacas, curassows, guans (11 genera, 57 species)

Numididae – guineafowl (4 genera, 8 species)

	Odontophoridae – New World quail (ten genera, 34 species)

	Phasianidae – pheasants & allies (54 genera, 188 species)

Phylogeny of the Galliformes based a study by De Chen and collaborators published in 2021. The number of species are from the list maintained by Frank Gill, Pamela Rasmussen and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithologists' Union.

Evolution

Galloanserae-like birds were one of the main survivors of the K-T Event, that killed off the rest of the dinosaurs. The dominant birds of the dinosaur era were the Enantiornithes, toothed birds that dominated the trees and skies. Unlike those enantiornithes, the ancestors of the galliformes were a niche group that were toothless and ground-dwelling. When the asteroid impact killed off all non-avian dinosaurs, and the dominant birds, it destroyed all creatures that lived in trees and on open ground. The enantiornithes were wiped out, but the ancestors of Galliformes were small and lived in the ground (unlike water for Anseriformes) which protected them from the blast and destruction.

Fossils of these galliform-like birds originate in the Late Cretaceous, most notably those of Austinornis lentus. Its partial left tarsometatarsus was found in the Austin Chalk near Fort McKinney, Texas, dating to about 85 million years ago (Mya). This bird was quite certainly closely related to Galliformes, but whether it was a part of these or belongs elsewhere in the little-known galliform branch of Galloanserae is not clear. However, in 2004, Clarke classified it as a member of the larger group Pangalliformes, more closely related to chickens than to ducks, but not a member of the crown group that includes all modern galliformes. Another specimen, PVPH 237, from the Late Cretaceous Portezuelo Formation (Turonian-Coniacian, about 90 Mya) in the Sierra de Portezuelo (Argentina) has also been suggested to be an early galliform relative. This is a partial coracoid of a neornithine bird, which in its general shape and particularly the wide and deep attachment for the muscle joining the coracoid and the humerus bone resembles the more basal lineages of galliforms.

Additional galliform-like pangalliformes are represented by extinct families from the Paleogene, namely the Gallinuloididae, Paraortygidae and Quercymegapodiidae. In the early Cenozoic, some additional birds may or may not be early Galliformes, though even if they are, they are unlikely to belong to extant families:

†Argillipes (London Clay Early Eocene of England)
†Coturnipes (Early Eocene of England, and Virginia, USA?)
†Palaeophasianus (Willwood Early Eocene of Bighorn County, USA)
†Percolinus (London Clay Early Eocene of England)
†Amitabha (Bridger middle Eocene of Forbidden City, USA) – phasianid?
†"Palaeorallus" alienus (middle Oligocene of Tatal-Gol, Mongolia)
†Anisolornis (Santa Cruz Middle Miocene of Karaihen, Argentina)

From the mid-Eocene onwards – about 45 mya or so, true galliforms are known, and these completely replace their older relatives in the early Neogene. Since the earliest representatives of living galliform families apparently belong to the Phasianidae – the youngest family of galliforms, the other families of Galliformes must be at least of Early Eocene origin but might even be as old as the Late Cretaceous. The ichnotaxon Tristraguloolithus cracioides is based on fossil eggshell fragments from the Late Cretaceous Oldman Formation of southern Alberta, Canada, which are similar to chachalaca eggs, but in the absence of bone material, their relationships cannot be determined except that they are apparently avian in origin.

Modern genera of phasianids start appearing around the Oligocene-Miocene boundary, roughly 25–20 Mya. It is not well known whether the living genera of the other, older, galliform families originated around the same time or earlier, though at least in the New World quail, pre-Neogene forms seem to belong to genera that became entirely extinct later on.

A number of Paleogene to mid-Neogene fossils are quite certainly Galliformes, but their exact relationships in the order cannot be determined:

†Galliformes gen. et sp. indet. (Oligocene) – formerly in Gallinuloides; phasianid?
†Palaealectoris (Agate Fossil Beds Early Miocene of Sioux County, USA) – tetraonine?

List of major taxa

Phylogeny

Living Galliformes based on the work by John Boyd.

Galliformes classification

Megapodiidae

Talegalla

Leipoa

	Alectura

	Aepypodius

Macrocephalon

	Eulipoa

	Megapodius

(bushturkeys)

	Aburria

	Penelope

(guans)

Ortalis

Pauxi

	Mitu

	Crax

(curassows)

Phasiani

Numididae

Guttera

Numida

	Acryllium

	Agelastes

(guineafowl)

	Dactylortyx

	Odontophorus

Oreortyx

Dendrortyx

Philortyx

	Colinus

	Callipepla

(New World quail)

?Rhizothera

	Rollulus

	Caloperdix

	Synoicus

	Excalfactoria

	Anurophasis

	Margaroperdix

	Coturnix

	Tetraogallus

	Alectoris

?Pternistis

	†Ophrysia

	Perdicula

(Old World quail & partridges)

Gallini

	Bambusicola

	Gallus

Scleroptila

	Peliperdix

	Francolinus

(junglefowl & francolins)

Pavonini

	Rheinardia

	Argusianus

	Afropavo

	Pavo

(peafowl and arguses)

Polyplectronini

?Galloperdix

	Haematortyx

	Polyplectron

	?Lerwa

	Tetraophasis

	Lophophorus

(tragopans & monals)

Phasianini

?Perdix

Syrmaticus

	Phasianus

	Chrysolophus

Lophura

	Catreus

	Crossoptilon

(true pheasants)

Bonasa

	Dendragapus

	Tympanuchus

Tetraonina

Lagopus

Falcipennis

Canachites

	Tetrao

	Lyrurus

(turkeys & grouse)

Description

As their name suggests they are chicken-like in appearance, with rounded bodies and blunt wings, and range in size from small at 15 cm (6 inches) to large at 120 cm (4 feet). They are mainly terrestrial birds and their wings are short and rounded for short-distance flight. Galliforms are anisodactyl like passerines, but some of the adult males grow spurs that point backwards.

Gallinaceous birds are arboreal or terrestrial animals; many prefer not to fly, but instead walk and run for locomotion. They live five to eight years in the wild and up to 30 years in captivity. They can be found worldwide and in a variety of habitats, including forests, deserts, and grasslands. They use visual displays and vocalizations for communication, courtship, fighting, territoriality, and brooding.

They have diverse mating strategies: some are monogamous, while others are polygamous or polygynandrous. Male courtship behavior includes elaborate visual displays of plumage. They breed seasonally in accordance with the climate and lay three to 16 eggs per year in nests built on the ground or in trees.

Gallinaceous birds feed on a variety of plant and animal material, which may include fruits, seeds, leaves, shoots, flowers, tubers, roots, insects, snails, worms, lizards, snakes, small rodents, and eggs.

These birds vary in size from the diminutive king quail (Coturnix chinensis) (5 in) long and weighing 28–40 g (1–1.4 oz) to the largest extant galliform species, the North American wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), which may weigh as much as 14 kg (30.5 lb) and may exceed 120 cm (47 in).

The galliform bird species with the largest wingspan and largest overall length (including a train of over 6 feet) is most likely the green peafowl (Pavo muticus). Most galliform genera are plump-bodied with thick necks and moderately long legs, with rounded and rather short wings. Grouse, pheasants, francolins, and partridges are typical in their outwardly corpulent silhouettes.

Adult males of many galliform birds have one to several sharp horny spurs on the back of each leg, which they use for fighting. In several lineages, pronounced sexual dimorphism occurs, and among each galliform clade, the more apomorphic ("advanced") lineages tend to be more sexually dimorphic.

Flightlessness

While most galliforms are rather reluctant flyers, truly flightless forms are unknown among the extant members of the order. Though they are often mischaracterised as weak-flying, Galliformes are actually highly specialised for their particular flight style, bearing extremely powerful flight muscles, and some species are even migratory. Adult snowcocks are, however, flightless, requiring gravity to launch, although juveniles can still fly relatively well.

Nonetheless, a few birds outside the galliform crown-group did produce flightlessness.

The genus Sylviornis, a huge prehistorically extinct species of New Caledonia, was flightless, but as opposed to most other flightless birds like ratites or island rails which become flightless due to arrested development of their flight apparatus and subsequently evolve to larger size, Sylviornis seems to have become flightless simply due to its bulk, with the wing reduction following a consequence, not the reason for its flightlessness.

The gigantic Australian mihirungs, which may be closer to Galliformes than to Anseriformes as traditionally expected, achieved flightlessness more traditionally, strongly reducing their wings and keel. They were massive herbivorous birds, among the largest avian dinosaurs of all time.

By contrast, the stem-galliform Scopelortyx appears to have been more aerial than modern fowl, with a flight style more suited for gliding and soaring.

Behaviour and ecology

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Most of the galliform birds are more or less resident, but some of the smaller temperate species (such as quail) do migrate over considerable distances. Altitudinal migration is evidently quite common amongst montane species, and a few species of subtropical and subarctic regions must reach their watering and/or foraging areas through sustained flight. Species known to make extensive flights include the ptarmigans, sage-grouse (Centrocercus), crested partridge, green peafowl, crested argus, mountain peacock-pheasant (Polyplectron inopinatum), koklass pheasant (Pucrasia macrolopha), Reeves's pheasant, and (Syrmaticus reevesii). Other species — most of the New World quail (also known as the ‘toothed quail’), the enigmatic stone partridge (Ptilopachus petrosus) of Africa, guineafowl, and eared pheasants (Crossoptilon) — are all notable for their daily excursions on foot which may take them many miles in a given day.

Some galliforms are adapted to grassland habitat, and these genera are remarkable for their long, thin necks, long legs, and large, wide wings. Fairly unrelated species like the crested fireback (Lophura ignita), vulturine guineafowl (Acryllium vulturinum), and malleefowl (Leipoa ocellata) are outwardly similar in their body types (see also convergent evolution).

Most species that show only limited sexual dimorphism are notable for the great amount of locomotion required to find food throughout the majority of the year. Those species that are highly sedentary but with marked ecological transformations over seasons exhibit marked distinct differences between the sexes in size and/or appearance. Eared-pheasants, guineafowl, toothed quail, and the snow partridge (Lerwa lerwa) are examples of limited sexual differences and requirements for traveling over wide terrain to forage.

Winter ecology

Gallinaceous birds are well adapted to regions with cold winters. Their larger size, increased plumage, and lower activity levels help them to withstand the cold and conserve energy. Under such conditions, they are able to change their feeding strategy to that of a ruminant. This allows them to feed on and extract energy and nutrients from coarse, fibrous plant material, such as buds, twigs, and conifer needles. This provides a virtually unlimited source of accessible food and requires little energy to harvest.

Food and feeding

Flock of adult and young helmeted guineafowl foraging

Herbivorous to slightly omnivorous galliforms, forming the majority of the group, are typically stoutly built and have short, thick bills primarily adapted for foraging on the ground for rootlets or the consumption of other plant material such as heather shoots. The young birds will also take insects.

Peafowl, junglefowl and most of the subtropical pheasant genera have very different nutritional requirements from typical Palearctic genera. The Himalayan monal (Lophophorus impejanus) has been observed digging in the rotting wood of deadfall in a similar manner to woodpeckers to extract invertebrates, even bracing itself with aid of its squared tail. The cheer pheasant (Catreus wallichi), crested argus (Rheinardia ocellata), the crested partridge (Rollulus roulroul) and the crested guineafowl (Guttera pucherani) are similar ecologically to the Himalayan monal in that they too forage in rotting wood for termites, ant and beetle larvae, molluscs, crustaceans and young rodents.

Typical peafowl (Pavo), most of the peacock-pheasants (Polyplectron), the Bulwer's pheasant (Lophura bulweri), the ruffed pheasants (Chrysolophus) and the hill partridges (Arborophila) have narrow, relatively delicate bills, poorly suited for digging. These galliform genera prefer instead to capture live invertebrates in leaf litter, in sand, or shallow pools or along stream banks. These genera are also outwardly similar in that they each have exceptionally long, delicate legs and toes and the tendency to frequent seasonally wet habitats to forage, especially during chick-rearing. The blue peafowl (Pavo cristatus) is famed in its native India for its appetite for snakes – even poisonous cobras – which it dispatches with its strong feet and sharp bill. The Lady Amherst's pheasant (Chrysolophus amherstiae), green peafowl (Pavo muticus), Bulwer's pheasant and the crestless fireback (Lophura erythrophthalma) are notable for their aptitude to forage for crustaceans such as crayfish and other aquatic small animals in shallow streams and amongst rushes in much the same manner as some members of the rail family (Rallidae). Similarly, although wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) have a diet primarily of vegetation, they will eat insects, mice, lizards, and amphibians, wading in water to hunt for the latter. Domestic hens (Gallus domesticus) share this opportunistic behaviour and will eat insects, mice, worms, and amphibians.

The tragopans (Tragopan), mikado pheasant (Syrmaticus mikado), and several species of grouse and ptarmigan are exceptional in their largely vegetarian and arboreal foraging habitats; grouse are especially notable for being able to feed on plants rich in terpenes and quinones—such as sagebrush or conifers—which are often avoided by other herbivores. Many species of moderate altitudes—for example the long-tailed pheasants of the genus Syrmaticus—also find a great deal of their daily nutritional requirements in the tree canopies, especially during the snowy and rainy periods when foraging on the ground is dangerous and less than fruitful for a variety of reasons. Although members of the genus Syrmaticus are capable of subsisting almost entirely on vegetarian materials for months at a time, this is not true for many of the subtropical genera. For example, the great argus (Argusianus argus) and crested argus may do most of their foraging during rainy months in the canopy of the jungle, as well. There they are known to forage on slugs, snails, ants, and amphibians to the exclusion of plant material. How they forage in the forest canopy during the rainy months is unknown.

Reproduction

Most galliforms are very prolific, with clutches regularly exceeding ten eggs in many species. In contrast to most birds which are – at least for a particular breeding season – monogamous, galliforms are often polygynous or polygamous. Such species can be recognized by their pronounced sexual dimorphism.

Galliform young are very precocious and roam with their mothers – or both parents in monogamous species – mere hours after hatching. The most extreme case are the Megapodiidae, where the adults do not brood, but leave incubation to mounds of rotting vegetation, volcanic ash, or hot sand. The young must dig out of the nest mounds after hatching, but they emerge from the eggs fully feathered, and upon leaving the mound, they are able to fly considerable distances.

Common species

Grouse and ptarmigans - Family Tetraonidae

Grouse, ptarmigans, and prairie chickens are all chicken-like birds with short, curved, strong bills, part of the family Tetraonidae. This group includes 25 species residing mostly in North America. They are mainly ground-dwellers and have short, rounded wings for brief flights. They are well adapted to winter by growing feather "snowshoes" on their feet and roosting beneath the snow. They range in size from the 13-inch (33 cm) white-tailed ptarmigan to the 28-inch (71 cm) sage grouse. Their plumage is dense and soft and is most commonly found in shades of red, brown, and gray to camouflage to the ground. They are polygamous and male courtship behavior includes strutting and dancing and aggressive fighting for possession of females. The typical clutch size is between seven and 12 eggs.

Turkeys - Family Meleagrididae

Turkeys are large, long-legged birds that can grow up to 4 feet (1.2 m) in height and weigh up to 30 pounds (14 kg) in the wild. They have a long, broad, rounded tail with 14–19 blunt feathers. They have a naked, wrinkled head and feathered body. The North American wild turkey – Meleagris gallopavo – has five distinct subspecies (Eastern, Rio Grande, Florida , Merriam's, and Gould's). Hybrids also exist where the ranges of these subspecies overlap. All are native only to North America, though transplanted populations exist elsewhere. Their plumage differs slightly by subspecies, but is generally dark to black for males, with buff to cream highlights, and generally drab brown for females. The feathers are quite iridescent and can take on distinct reddish/copper hues in sunlight. Their feathers are well defined with broad, square ends, giving the bird the appearance of being covered in scales. Males have a "beard" of coarse black bristles hanging from the center of their upper breasts and tend to have more vibrantly colored plumage than do females. They breed in the spring and their typical clutch size is between ten and 12 eggs. The ocellated turkey (Meleagris ocellata), a different species of turkey, currently exists only in a portion of the Yucatán peninsula. After the 19th and early 20th centuries, wild turkey populations dropped significantly because of hunting and habitat loss. However, populations now flourish again due to hunting management and transplanting. The ocellated turkey, not commonly hunted, is currently threatened due to ongoing habitat loss in the Yucutan.

Pheasants, quail, and partridges - Family Phasianidae

The family is divided into four groups: 30 species of new world quail, residing between Paraguay and Canada, 11 species of Old World quail in Africa, Australia, and Asia, 94 species of partridges, and 48 species of pheasants. This family includes a wide range of bird sizes from a 5+1⁄2 inches (14 cm) quail to pheasants up to almost 30 inches (76 cm). Pheasants and quail have heavy, round bodies and rounded wings. Though they have short legs, they are very fast runners when escaping predators.

Chachalacas - Family Cracidae

Chachalacas are found in the chaparral ecosystems from southern Texas through Mexico and Costa Rica. They are mainly arboreal and make their nests in trees 5 to 15 feet (1.5 to 4.6 m) above the ground. They are large, long-legged birds that can grow up to 26 inches (66 cm) long. They have long tails and are chicken-like in appearance. Their frail-looking yet sturdy nests are made of sticks and leaves. Their clutch size is three or four eggs. The males make a unique, loud, mating call that give them their name. Chachalacas feed mainly on berries, but also eat insects. They are a popular game bird, as their flesh is good to eat. They are also commonly domesticated as pets.

References

Mourer-Chauviré; et al. (2013). "A new taxon of stem group Galliformes and the earliest record for stem group Cuculidae from the Eocene of Djebel Chambi, Tunisia" (PDF). Proceed. 8th Inter Nat. Meeting Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2023.
Kuhl., H.; Frankl-Vilches, C.; Bakker, A.; Mayr, G.; Nikolaus, G.; Boerno, S. T.; Klages, S.; Timmermann, B.; Gahr, M. (2020). "An unbiased molecular approach using 3'UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 38: 108–127. doi:10.1093/molbev/msaa191. PMC 7783168. PMID 32781465.
Kimball et al. (1999), Dyke et al. (2003), Smith et al. (2005), Crowe et al. (2006a,b)
Smith et al. (2005), Crowe et al. (2006a,b)
Jackson, Christine E. (2006). Peacock. Reaktion Books. pp. 15. ISBN 9781861892935.
Chen, D.; Hosner, P.A.; Dittmann, D.L.; O’Neill, J.P.; Birks, S.M.; Braun, E.L.; Kimball, R.T. (2021). "Divergence time estimation of Galliformes based on the best gene shopping scheme of ultraconserved elements". BMC Ecology and Evolution. 21 (1): 209. doi:10.1186/s12862-021-01935-1. PMC 8609756. PMID 34809586.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (24 December 2023). "Megapodes, guans, guineafowl, New World quail". IOC World Bird List Version 14.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (24 December 2023). "Pheasants, partridges, francolins". IOC World Bird List Version 14.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
Quaillike creatures were the only birds to survive the dinosaur-killing asteroid impact
Clarke (2004)
Agnolin et al. (2006)
Zelenitsky et al. (1996)
Specimen MCZ 342506. A proximal humerus of a bird larger than Gallinuloides: Mayr & Weidig (2004)
^ Kimball et al. (1999, 2001), Crowe et al. (2006a,b)
^ "Taxonomic Updates – IOC World Bird List". Retrieved 2021-08-01.
^ McInerney, Phoebe L.; Blokland, Jacob C.; Worthy, Trevor H. (2024-06-02). "Skull morphology of the enigmatic Genyornis newtoni Stirling and Zeitz, 1896 (Aves, Dromornithidae), with implications for functional morphology, ecology, and evolution in the context of Galloanserae". Historical Biology. 36 (6): 1093–1165. doi:10.1080/08912963.2024.2308212. ISSN 0891-2963.
Dyke et al. (2003)
See e.g. the phylogenies in Kimball et al. (2006) and Crowe et al. (2006a,b)
Kimball, Rebecca T.; Hosner, Peter A.; Braun, Edward L. (2021-05-01). "A phylogenomic supermatrix of Galliformes (Landfowl) reveals biased branch lengths". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 158: 107091. Bibcode:2021MolPE.15807091K. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107091. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 33545275. S2CID 231963063.
^ "Galliformes". bird-phylogeny (in German). Retrieved 2021-08-01.
Kimball et al. (1999, 2001), Smith et al. (2005), Crowe et al. (2006a,b)
John Boyd's website Boyd, John (2007). "GALLIFORMES- Landfowl". Retrieved 30 December 2015.
Gary W. Kaiser, The Inner Bird: Anatomy and Evolution Paperback – 1 Feb 2008
Madge, Steve; McGowan, J. K.; Kirwan, Guy M. (2002). Pheasants, Partridges and Grouse: A Guide to the Pheasants, Partridges, Quail, Grouse, Guineafowl, Buttonquail and Sandgrouse of the World. A.C. Black. pp. 174–180. ISBN 9780713639667.
Worthy, T., Mitri, M., Handley, W., Lee, M., Anderson, A., Sand, C. 2016. Osteology supports a steam-galliform affinity for the giant extinct flightless birds Sylviornis neocaledoniae (Sylviornithidae, Galloanseres). PLOS ONE. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150871
Mourer-Chauviré, C.; Pickford, M. (2015). "Stemp group galliform and stemp group psittaciform birds (Aves, Galliformes, Paraortygidae, and Psittaciformes, family incertae sedis) from the Middle Eocene of Namibia". Journal of Ornithology. 156 (1): 275–286. doi:10.1007/s10336-014-1124-y. S2CID 16336177.

External links

Genera of landfowl and their extinct allies

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Superorder: Galloanserae
Clade: Pangalliformes

Pangalliformes

incertae sedis	†Anisolornis? †Archaeophasianus? †Argillipes? †Austinornis? †Chambiortyx †Coturnipes? †"Gigantibis"? †Litoripes? †Percolinus? †Tegulavis?
†Gallinuloididae	Gallinuloides Paraortygoides
†Paraortygidae	Paraortyx Pirortyx Scopelortyx Xorazmortyx
†Quercymegapodiidae	Ameripodius Quercymegapodius Taubacrex
†Sylviornithidae	Megavitiornis Sylviornis
Galliformes	See below ↓

Galliformes

Megapodiidae

†Garrdimalga? †Mwalau †Ngawupodius
Alecturini	Aepypodius Alectura †Latagallina Leipoa †Progura Talegalla
Megapodiini	Eulipoa Macrocephalon Megapodius

Cracidae

Penelopinae

Cracinae

Oreophasis Ortalis
Cracini	Crax Mitu Nothocrax Pauxi

Phasianoidea

- See below ↓

Phasianoidea

Numididae

Odontophoridae

†Miortyx †Nanortyx †Neortyx
Ptilopachinae	Ptilopachus
Odontophorinae	Callipepla Colinus Cyrtonyx Dactylortyx Dendrortyx Odontophorus Oreortyx Philortyx Rhynchortyx

Phasianidae

- See below ↓

Phasianidae

Rollulinae

Pavoninae

Tropicoperdix
Coturnicini	Alectoris Ammoperdix Coturnix Margaroperdix †?Ophrysia Perdicula Pternistis Synoicus Tetraogallus
Gallini	Bambusicola Campocolinus Francolinus Gallus Ortygornis Peliperdix Scleroptila
Pavonini	Afropavo Argusianus Pavo Rheinardia
Polyplectronini	Galloperdix Haematortyx Polyplectron

Phasianinae

†Chauvireria Ithaginis Lerwa
Lophophorini	Lophophorus Tetraophasis Tragopan
Phasianini	Catreus Chrysolophus Crossoptilon Lophura Perdix Phasianus Syrmaticus
Tetraonini	Bonasa Canachites Centrocercus Dendragapus Falcipennis Lagopus Lyrurus Meleagris †Palaealectoris †Proagriocharis Pucrasia †Rhegminornis Tetrao Tetrastes Tympanuchus

Phasianidae

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Galliformes

Subfamily Phasianinae

Tribe Lerwini

Lerwa	Snow partridge (L. lerwa)

Tribe Ithaginini

Ithaginis	Blood pheasant (I. cruentus)

Tribe Lophophorini

Tragopan	Blyth's tragopan (T. blythii) Cabot's tragopan (T. caboti) Western tragopan (T. melanocephalus) Satyr tragopan (T. satyra) Temminck's tragopan (T. temminckii)
Tetraophasis	Verreaux's monal-partridge (T. obscurus) Szechenyi's monal-partridge (T. szechenyii)
Lophophorus	Himalayan monal (L. impejanus) Sclater's monal (L. sclateri) Chinese monal (L. lhuysii)

Tribe Pucrasiini

Pucrasia	Koklass pheasant (P. macrolopha)

Tribe Meleagridini

Meleagris	Wild turkey (M. gallopavo) Ocellated turkey (M. ocellata) † Californian turkey (M. californica)

Tribe Tetraonini
Grouse

Canachites	Spruce grouse (C. canadensis) Franklin's grouse (C. canadensis franklinii)
Falcipennis	Siberian grouse (F. falcipennis)
Dendragapus	Dusky grouse (D. obscurus) Sooty grouse (D. fuliginosus)
Lagopus	Willow ptarmigan (L. lagopus) Red grouse (L. l. scotica) Rock ptarmigan (L. muta) White-tailed ptarmigan (L. leucura)
Tetrao	Western capercaillie (T. urogallus) Cantabrian capercaillie (T. u. cantabricus) Black-billed capercaillie (T. urogalloides)
Lyrurus	Black grouse (L. tetrix) Caucasian grouse (L. mlokosiewiczi)
Tetrastes	Hazel grouse (T. bonasia) Chinese grouse (T. sewerzowi)
Bonasa	Ruffed grouse (B. umbellus)
Centrocercus	Greater sage-grouse (C. urophasianus) Gunnison grouse (C. minimus)
Tympanuchus	Sharp-tailed grouse (T. phasianellus) Columbian sharp-tailed grouse (T. p. columbianus) Greater prairie chicken (T. cupido) Heath hen (extinct) Attwater's prairie chicken (T. c. attwateri) Lesser prairie chicken (T. pallidicinctus)

Tribe Rhizotherini

Rhizothera	Long-billed partridge (R. longirostris) Dulit partridge (R. dulitensis)

Tribe Phasianini

Perdix	Grey partridge (P. perdix) Daurian partridge (P. dauurica) Tibetan partridge (P. hodgsoniae)
Syrmaticus	Elliot's pheasant (S. ellioti) Mrs. Hume's pheasant (S. humiae) Mikado pheasant (S. mikado) Copper pheasant (S. soemmerringi) Reeve's pheasant (S. reevesi)
Chrysolophus	Lady Amherst's pheasant (C. amherstiae) Golden pheasant (C. pictus)
Phasianus	Common pheasant (P. colchicus) Green pheasant (P. versicolor)
Catreus	Cheer pheasant (Catreus wallichi)
Crossoptilon	Blue eared pheasant (C. auritum) White eared pheasant (C. crossoptilon) Tibetan eared pheasant (C. harmani) Brown eared pheasant (C.mantchuricum)
Lophura	Bulwer's pheasant (L. bulweri) Siamese fireback (L. diardi) Edward's pheasant (L. edwardsi) Crestless fireback (L. erythrophthalma) Vietnamese pheasant (L. hatinhensis) Crested fireback (L. ignita) Imperial pheasant (L. imperialis) Salvadori's pheasant (L. inornata) Hoogerwerf's pheasant (L. i. hoogerwerfi) Kalij pheasant (L. leucomelanos) Silver pheasant (L. nycthemera) Swinhoe's pheasant (L. swinhoii)

Subfamily Rollulinae

Xenoperdix	Rubeho forest partridge (X. obscuratus) Udzungwa forest partridge (X. udzungwensis)
Caloperdix	Ferruginous partridge (C. oculeus)
Rollulus	Crested partridge (R. rouloul)
Melanoperdix	Black partridge (M. niger)
Arborophila	Hill partridge (A. torqueola) Sichuan partridge (A. rufipectus) Chestnut-breasted partridge (A. mandellii) White-necklaced partridge (A. gingica) Rufous-throated partridge (A. rufogularis) Red-billed partridge (A.a rubrirostris) Siamese partridge (A. diversa) Chestnut-headed partridge (A. cambodiana) Hainan partridge (A. ardens) Taiwan partridge (A. crudigularis) White-cheeked partridge (A. atrogularis) Bar-backed partridge (A. brunneopectus) Orange-necked partridge (A. davidi) Red-breasted partridge (A. hyperythra) Malayan partridge (A. campbelli) Roll's partridge (A. rolli) Sumatran partridge (A. sumatrana) Chestnut-bellied partridge (A. javanica) Grey-breasted partridge (A. orientalis)

Subfamily Pavoninae

Tribe Pavonini

Rheinardia	Vietnamese crested argus (R. ocellata) Malayan crested argus (R. nigrescens)
Argusianus	Great argus (A. argus)
Afropavo	Congo peafowl (A. congensis)
Pavo	Indian peafowl (P. cristatus) Green peafowl (P. muticus)
Tropicoperdix	Chestnut-necklaced partridge (T. charltonii) Green-legged partridge (T. chloropus)

Tribe Polyplectronini

Haematortyx	Crimson-headed partridge (H. sanguiniceps)
Galloperdix	Red spurfowl (G. spadicea) Painted spurfowl (G. lunulata) Sri Lanka spurfowl (G. bicalcarata)
Polyplectron	Grey peacock-pheasant (P. bicalcaratum) Bronze-tailed peacock-pheasant (P. chalcurum) Palawan peacock-pheasant (P. emphanum) Germain's peacock-pheasant (P. germaini) Mountain peacock-pheasant (P. inopinatum) Hainan peacock-pheasant (P. katsumatae) Malayan peacock-pheasant (P. malacense) Bornean peacock-pheasant (P. schleiermacheri)

Tribe Gallini

Bambusicola	Mountain bamboo partridge (B. fytchii) Chinese bamboo partridge (B. thoracicus) Taiwan bamboo partridge (B. sonorivox)
Gallus	Red junglefowl (G. gallus) Sri Lankan junglefowl (G. lafayetii) Grey junglefowl (G. sonneratii) Green junglefowl (G. varius)
Peliperdix	Latham's francolin (P. lathami)
Ortygornis	Crested francolin (O. sephaena) Grey francolin (O. pondicerianus) Swamp francolin (O. gularis)
Francolinus	Black francolin (F. francolinus) Painted francolin (F. pictus) Chinese francolin (F. pintadeanus)
Campocolinus	Coqui francolin (C. coqui) White-throated francolin, (C. albogularis) Schlegel's francolin (C. schlegelii)
Scleroptila	Ring-necked francolin (S. streptophora) Red-winged francolin (S. levaillantii) Finsch's francolin (S. finschi) Moorland francolin (S. psilolaema) Grey-winged francolin (S. afra) Orange River francolin (S. gutturalis) Shelley's francolin (S. shelleyi)

Tribe Coturnicini

Tetraogallus	Caucasian snowcock (T. caucasicus) Caspian snowcock (T. caspius) Himalayan snowcock (T. himalayensis) Tibetan snowcock (T. tibetanus) Altai snowcock (T. altaicus)
Ammoperdix	See-see partridge (A. griseogularis) Sand partridge (A. heyi)
Synoicus	Brown quail (S. ypsilophorus) Snow Mountain quail (S. monorthonyx) Blue quail (S. adansonii) King quail (S. chinensis)
Margaroperdix	Madagascar partridge (M. madagarensis)
Coturnix	Rain quail (C. coromandelica) Harlequin quail (C. delegorguei) Common quail (C. coturnix) Japanese quail (C. japonica) Stubble quail (C. pectoralis)
Alectoris	Arabian partridge (A. melanocephala) Przevalski's partridge (A. magna) Rock partridge (A. graeca) Chukar partridge (A. chukar) Philby's partridge (A. philbyi) Barbary partridge (A. barbara) Red-legged partridge (A. rufa)
Perdicula	Jungle bush quail (P. asiatica) Rock bush quail (P. argoondah) Painted bush quail (P. erythrorhyncha) Manipur bush quail (P. manipurensis)
Ophrysia	Himalayan quail (O. superciliosa) (possibly extinct)
Pternistis	Hartlaub's spurfowl (P. hartlaubi) Mount Cameroon spurfowl (P. camerunensis) Handsome spurfowl (P. nobilis) Chestnut-naped spurfowl (P. castaneicollis) Black-fronted spurfowl (P. atrifrons) Erckel's spurfowl (P. erckelii) Djibouti spurfowl (P. ochropectus) Swierstra's spurfowl (P. swierstrai) Ahanta spurfowl (P. ahantensis) Grey-striped spurfowl (P. griseostriatus) Jackson's spurfowl (P. jacksoni) Red-billed spurfowl (P. adspersus) Cape spurfowl (P. capensis) Natal spurfowl (P. natalensis) Hildebrandt's spurfowl (P. hildebrandti) Double-spurred spurfowl (P. bicalcaratus) Scaly spurfowl (P. squamatus) Heuglin's spurfowl (P. icterorhynchus) Clapperton's spurfowl (P. clappertoni) Harwood's spurfowl (P. harwoodi) Swainson's spurfowl (P. swainsonii) Yellow-necked spurfowl (P. leucoscepus) Grey-breasted spurfowl (P. rufopictus) Red-necked spurfowl (P. afer)

185 living species in 32 genera

Birds (class: Aves)

Outline

Lists

Neornithes

Palaeognathae	Struthioniformes (ostriches) Rheiformes (rheas) Tinamiformes (tinamous) Apterygiformes (kiwis) Casuariiformes (emus and cassowaries)

N
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G
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(fowls)

Anseriformes
(waterfowls)

Anatidae (ducks)	Anatinae Aythyini Mergini Oxyurini Anserinae swans true geese Dendrocygninae Stictonettinae Tadorninae
Anhimidae	Anhima Chauna
Anseranatidae	Anseranas

Galliformes
(landfowls-
gamebirds)

Cracidae	Cracinae Oreophasinae Penelopinae
Megapodidae	Aepypodius Alectura Eulipoa Leipoa Macrocephalon Megapodius Talegalla
Numididae	Acryllium Agelastes Guttera Numida
Odontophoridae	Callipepla Colinus Cyrtonyx Dactylortyx Dendrortyx Odontophorus Oreortyx Philortyx Rhynchortyx
Phasianidae	Meleagridinae (turkeys) Perdicinae Phasianinae (pheasants and relatives) Tetraoninae

Neoaves

Columbea

Columbimorphae	Columbiformes (doves and pigeons) Mesitornithiformes (mesites) Pterocliformes (sandgrouse)
Mirandornithes	Phoenicopteriformes (flamingos) Podicipediformes (grebes)

Passerea

Otidimorphae	Cuculiformes (cuckoos) Musophagiformes (turacos) Otidiformes (bustards)
Strisores	Caprimulgiformes (nightjars and relatives) Steatornithiformes (oilbirds) Nyctibiiformes (potoos) Podargiformes (frogmouths) Aegotheliformes (owlet-nightjars) Apodiformes (swifts and hummingbirds)
Opisthocomiformes	Opisthocomiformes (hoatzins)
Cursorimorphae	Charadriiformes (gulls and relatives) Gruiformes (cranes and relatives)
Phaethontimorphae	Phaethontiformes (tropicbirds) Eurypygiformes (kagus and sunbitterns)
Aequornithes	Gaviiformes (loons or divers) Sphenisciformes (penguins) Procellariiformes (albatrosses and petrels) Ciconiiformes (storks) Suliformes (cormorants and relatives) Pelecaniformes (pelicans and relatives)
Australaves	Cariamiformes (seriemas and relatives) Falconiformes (falcons and relatives) Psittaciformes (parrots) Passeriformes (perching birds)
Afroaves	Accipitriformes (raptors) Strigiformes (owls) Coliiformes (mousebirds) Trogoniformes (trogons and quetzals) Leptosomiformes (cuckoo-rollers) Bucerotiformes (hornbills and hoopoes) Coraciiformes (kingfishers and rollers) Piciformes (woodpeckers and relatives)