(Redirected from Gaofen 9-04 )
Chinese satellites
Gaofen Weixing 高分 Gāo Fēn Program overview Country China Status Active Program history First flight 26 April 2013 Last flight 15 October 2024 Successes 34 Failures 1 Launch site(s) Vehicle information Launch vehicle(s)
Gaofen (Chinese : 高分; pinyin : Gāofēn ; lit. 'high resolution') is a series of Chinese high-resolution Earth imaging satellites launched as part of the China High-resolution Earth Observation System (CHEOS) program. CHEOS is a state-sponsored, civilian Earth-observation program used for agricultural , disaster , resource , and environmental monitoring . Proposed in 2006 and approved in 2010, the CHEOS program consists of the Gaofen series of space-based satellites , near-space and airborne systems such as airships and UAVs , ground systems that conduct data receipt, processing, calibration, and taskings, and a system of applications that fuse observation data with other sources to produce usable information and knowledge.
Although the first seven Gaofen satellites and their payloads have been heavily detailed, little to no details on Gaofen 8 and later satellites have been revealed prompting suggestions that Gaofen satellites may be dual purpose supporting both civilian and military missions.
In 2003, the China National Space Administration (CNSA) agreed with Roscosmos to share Gaofen data for data from Russia's Earth observation satellites of similar capability. This agreement was expanded in August 2021 when leaders from BRICS space agencies agreed to share space-based remote sensing data.
Notable satellites
Gaofen-5
Gaofen-5 has been lauded as the "flagship of the environment and atmosphere observation satellite in the CHEOS program". Launched on 8 May 2018 from Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center (TSLC) into Sun-synchronous orbit , Gaofen-5 carries six payloads : an Advanced Hyperspectral Imagery sensor (AHSI), Atmospheric Infrared Ultraspectral Sensor (AIUS), Directional Polarization Camera (DPC), Environment Monitoring Instrument (EMI), Greenhouse-gases Monitoring Instrument (GMI), and Visual and Infrared Multispectral Sensor (VIMS).
The Advanced Hyperspectral Imagery (AHSI) sensor payload aboard Gaofen-5 claims to be the first space-based hyperspectral imaging sensor utilizing both convex grating spectrophotometry and a three concentric-mirror (Offner) configuration. The AHSI uses spectrophotometry to measure the light spectra reflected, transmitted, or emitted by an imaged object to detect or identify objects on the ground. In civilian applications, the AHSI allows analysts to conduct environmental monitoring and resource discovery while in a military application would allow analysts to detect and identify an adversary's equipment or spot non-multi-spectral camouflage . AHSI has a 30 meter spatial resolution and 5 nanometer spectral resolution in the visible, near-infrared (NIR), and short-wave infrared (SWIR) wavelength ranges.
The Atmospheric Infrared Ultraspectral Sensor (AIUS) payload aboard Gaofen-5 is China's first hyperspectral occultation spectrometer meaning it measures the spectra of imaged atmospheric particles between the sensor and the Sun. AIUS allows scientists to monitor atmospheric circulation by tracing H2 O (water vapor ), temperature, pressure, and various carbon and halogen-containing gas pollutants such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), dinitrogen pentoxide , and chlorine nitrate . A Michelson interferometer , AIUS images wavelengths between 2.4 and 13.3 micrometers (near to mid-wave infrared ) at a 0.3 centimeter resolution and a ±10° field of view .
Gaofen-5's Directional Polarimetric Camera (DPC) is China's first space-based multi-angle polarimetric camera. Prior to GF-5's launch, in September 2016, China had experimented with polarimetric imaging in 2016 aboard the Tiangong-2 space laboratory and launched its Cloud and Aerosol Polarimetric Imager (CAPI) aboard TanSat in December of that year. CAPI imaged clouds within 670 and 1640 nanometer channels but was restricted to fixed-angle imaging. The DPC aboard Gaofen-5 enables atmospheric spectroscopy in three polarized bands (90, 670, and 865 nm ; polarized at 0°, 60°, and 120°) and five non-polarized bands (443, 565, 763, 765, and 910 nm), all wavelengths from green to near-infrared (NIR). A step motor rotates the 512 × 512 pixel charge-coupled device (CCD) imager ±50° providing a 1,850 km swath of imagery at 3.3 km resolution.
Satellites
Since the program's start in 2013, the People's Republic of China has launched 32 Gaofen-series satellites with only one launch failure. Jilin-1 satellites described as 'Gaofen' are not part of the government's Gaofen series, rather are described as having high resolution (Chinese : 高分; pinyin : Gāofēn ).
Designation
Launch date (UTC )
Payloads
Orbit
Orbital apsis
Inclination
SCN
COSPAR ID
Launch vehicle
Launch site
Status
Gaofen 1
26 April 2013
2m PAN , 8m MSI , 4x 16m WFV MSI
SSO
632.8 km × 662.7 km
98.1°
39150
2013-018A
Long March 2D
Jiuquan SLC
Operational
Gaofen 2
19 August 2014
0.8m PAN , 3.2m MSI
SSO
630.5 km × 638.0 km
97.7°
40118
2014-049A
Long March 4B
Taiyuan SLC
Operational
Gaofen 8
26 June 2015
EO
SSO
501.7 km × 504.5 km
97.6°
40701
2015-030A
Long March 4B
Taiyuan SLC
Operational
Gaofen 9-01
14 September 2015
EO
SSO
624.5 km × 671.3 km
97.8°
40894
2015-047A
Long March 2D
Jiuquan SLC
Operational
Gaofen 4
28 December 2015
50m VIS , 400m MWIR
GEO
35,782.4 km × 35,806.4 km
0.1°
41194
2015-083A
Long March 3B
Xichang SLC
Operational
Gaofen 3
9 August 2016
C-band SAR
SSO
757.9 km × 758.8 km
98.4°
41727
2016-049A
Long March 4C
Taiyuan SLC
Operational
Gaofen 10
31 August 2016
Unknown
SSO (planned)
N/A
N/A
N/A
2016-F01
Long March 4C
Taiyuan SLC
Launch failure
Gaofen 1-02
31 March 2018
2m PAN , 8m MSI , 4x 16m WFV MSI
SSO
645.4 km × 649.0 km
97.9°
43259
2018-031A
Long March 4C
Taiyuan SLC
Operational
Gaofen 1-03
31 March 2018
2m PAN , 8m MSI , 4x 16m WFV MSI
SSO
642.9 km × 651.9 km
97.9°
43260
2018-031B
Long March 4C
Taiyuan SLC
Operational
Gaofen 1-04
31 March 2018
2m PAN , 8m MSI , 4x 16m WFV MSI
SSO
644.3 km × 650.5 km
97.9°
43262
2018-031D
Long March 4C
Taiyuan SLC
Operational
Gaofen 5
8 May 2018
303km POL MSI , 0.3cm HSI , 30m HSI
SSO
706.2 km × 707.0 km
98.3°
43461
2018-043A
Long March 4C
Taiyuan SLC
Operational
Gaofen 6
2 June 2018
MSI
SSO
641.0 km × 654.3 km
97.9°
43484
2018-048A
Long March 2D
Jiuquan SLC
Operational
Gaofen 11-01
31 July 2018
EO
SSO
493.1 km × 512.5 km
97.6°
43585
2018-063A
Long March 4B
Taiyuan SLC
Operational
Gaofen 10R
4 October 2019
Unknown
SSO
632.0 km × 634.4 km
97.9°
44622
2019-066A
Long March 4C
Taiyuan SLC
Operational
Gaofen 7
3 November 2019
2x 0.8m PAN , 2.5m MSI
SSO
500.7 km × 517.9 km
97.4°
44703
2019-072A
Long March 4B
Taiyuan SLC
Operational
Gaofen 12
27 November 2019
SAR
SSO
634.4 km × 636.5 km
97.9°
44819
2019-082A
Long March 4C
Taiyuan SLC
Operational
Gaofen 9-02
31 May 2020
EO
SSO
493.9 km × 511.3 km
97.4°
45625
2020-034B
Long March 2D
Jiuquan SLC
Operational
Gaofen 9-03
17 June 2020
EO
SSO
491.5 km × 513.9 km
97.4°
45794
2020-039A
Long March 2D
Jiuquan SLC
Operational
Gaofen DUOMO
3 July 2020
EO
SSO
635.5 km × 657.6 km
97.9°
45856
2020-042A
Long March 4B
Taiyuan SLC
Operational
Gaofen 9-04
6 August 2020
EO
SSO
497.9 km × 506.4 km
94.4°
46025
2020-054A
Long March 2D
Jiuquan SLC
Operational
Gaofen 9-05
23 August 2020
EO
SSO
493.5 km × 511.9 km
97.4°
46232
2020-058A
Long March 2D
Jiuquan SLC
Operational
Gaofen 11-02
7 September 2020
EO
SSO
500.7 km × 505.2 km
97.4°
46396
2020-064A
Long March 4B
Taiyuan SLC
Operational
Gaofen 13
11 October 2020
50m VIS , 400m MWIR
GEO
35,782.5 km × 35,806.1 km
0.2°
46610
2020-071A
Long March 3B
Xichang SLC
Operational
Gaofen 14
6 December 2020
EO
SSO
492.9 km × 198.4 km
97.4°
47231
2020-092A
Long March 3B/G5
Xichang SLC
Operational
Gaofen 12-02
30 March 2021
SAR
SSO
634.7 km × 636.6 km
97.9°
48079
2021-026A
Long March 4C
Jiuquan SLC
Operational
Gaofen 5-02
7 September 2021
303km POL MSI , 0.3cm HSI , 30m HSI
SSO
705.4 km × 710.2 km
98.2°
49122
2021-079A
Long March 4C
Taiyuan SLC
Operational
Gaofen 11-03
20 November 2021
EO
SSO
498.6 km × 504.8 km
97.4°
49492
2021-107A
Long March 4B
Taiyuan SLC
Operational
Gaofen 3-02
22 November 2021
C-band SAR
SSO
757.5 km × 759.2 km
98.4°
49495
2021-109A
Long March 4C
Jiuquan SLC
Operational
Gaofen 3-03
6 April 2022
C-band SAR
SSO
757.8 km × 758.9 km
98.4°
52200
2022-035A
Long March 4C
Jiuquan SLC
Operational
Gaofen 12-03
27 June 2022
SAR
SSO
633.3 km × 367.1 km
98.0°
52912
2022-069A
Long March 4C
Jiuquan SLC
Operational
Gaofen 5-01A
8 December 2022
HSI
SSO
706.1 km × 709.0 km
98.1°
54640
2022-165A
Long March 2D
Taiyuan SLC
Operational
Gaofen 11-04
27 December 2022
EO
SSO
498.6 km × 504.8 km
97.4°
54818
2022-176A
Long March 4B
Taiyuan SLC
Operational
Gaofen 13-02
17 March 2023
Unknown
GTO
35,788.4 km × 35,802.1 km
3.0°
55912
2023-036A
Long March 3B/E
Xichang SLC
Operational
Gaofen 12-04
20 August 2023
SAR
SSO
626 km × 630 km
97.9°
57654
2023-132A
Long March 4C
Jiuquan SLC
Operational
Gaofen 11-05
19 July 2024
EO
SSO
Long March 4B
Taiyuan SLC
Operational
Gaofen 12-05
15 October 2024
SAR
SSO
Long March 4C
Jiuquan SLC
Operational
Table data sourced from previously cited references, CelesTrak , N2YO , NASA, and the U.S. Space Force
See also
References
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^ Liu, Yin-Nian; Sun, De-Xin; Hu, Xiao-Ning; Liu, Shu-Feng; Cao, Kai-Qin (1 June 2020). "AHSI: the Hyperspectral Imager on China's GaoFen-5 Satellite" . Earth and Environmental Science . 509 (1): 012033. Bibcode :2020E&ES..509a2033L . doi :10.1088/1755-1315/509/1/012033 . S2CID 225552086 .
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^ Ge, Xiangyu; Ding, Jianli; Teng, Dexiong; Xie, Boqiang; Zhang, Xianlong; Wang, Jinjie; Han, Lijing; Bao, Qingling; Wang, Jingzhe (1 August 2022). "Exploring the capability of Gaofen-5 hyperspectral data for assessing soil salinity risks" . International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation . 112 : 102969. doi :10.1016/j.jag.2022.102969 . ISSN 1569-8432 . S2CID 251557178 .
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