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(Redirected from Gary B. Ruvkun) American geneticist (born 1952)

Gary Ruvkun
Ruvkun in 2024
Born	(1952-03-26) March 26, 1952 (age 72) Berkeley, California, U.S.
Alma mater	University of California, Berkeley (BA) Harvard University (PhD)
Awards	Wolf Prize in Medicine (2014) Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (2024)
Scientific career
Institutions	University of California, Berkeley Harvard University Massachusetts Institute of Technology Massachusetts General Hospital
Thesis	The molecular genetic analysis of symbiotic nitrogen fixation (NIF) genes from rhizobium meliloti (1982)
Doctoral advisor	Frederick Ausubel

Website	ruvkun.hms.harvard.edu

Gary Bruce Ruvkun (born March 26, 1952) is an American molecular biologist and Nobel laureate at Massachusetts General Hospital and professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School in Boston.

Ruvkun discovered the mechanism by which lin-4, the first microRNA (miRNA) discovered by Victor Ambros, regulates the translation of target messenger RNAs via imperfect base-pairing to those targets, and discovered the second miRNA, let-7, and that it is conserved across animal phylogeny, including in humans. These miRNA discoveries revealed a new world of RNA regulation at an unprecedented small size scale, and the mechanism of that regulation. Ruvkun also discovered many features of insulin-like signaling in the regulation of aging and metabolism.

He was elected a Member of the American Philosophical Society in 2019. Ruvkun was awarded the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation.

Early life and education

Ruvkun was born into a Jewish family, the son of Samuel and Dora (née Gurevich) Ruvkun.

Ruvkun received a Bachelor of Arts (BA) with a major in biophysics from the University of California, Berkeley in 1973. He received a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in biophysics from Harvard University in 1982. He conducted his doctoral studies in the laboratory of Frederick M. Ausubel, where he investigated bacterial nitrogen fixation genes. Ruvkun completed postdoctoral research with Robert Horvitz at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Walter Gilbert of Harvard.

Research

miRNA lin-4

Ruvkun's research revealed that the miRNA lin-4, a 22 nucleotide regulatory RNA discovered in 1992 by Victor Ambros' lab, regulates its target mRNA lin-14 by forming imperfect RNA duplexes to down-regulate translation. The first indication that the key regulatory element of the lin-14 gene recognized by the lin-4 gene product was in the lin-14 3’ untranslated region came from the analysis of lin-14 gain-of-function mutations which showed that they are deletions of conserved elements in the lin-14 3’ untranslated region. Deletion of these elements relieves the normal late stage-specific repression of LIN-14 protein production, and lin-4 is necessary for that repression by the normal lin-14 3' untranslated region. In a key breakthrough, the Ambros lab discovered that lin-4 encodes a very small RNA product, defining the 22 nucleotide miRNAs. When Ambros and Ruvkun compared the sequence of the lin-4 miRNA and the lin-14 3’ untranslated region, they discovered that the lin-4 RNA base pairs with conserved bulges and loops to the 3’ untranslated region of the lin-14 target mRNA, and that the lin-14 gain of function mutations delete these lin-14 complementary sites to relieve the normal repression of translation by lin-4. In addition, they showed that the lin-14 3' untranslated region could confer this lin-4-dependent translational repression on unrelated mRNAs by creating chimeric mRNAs that were lin-4-responsive. In 1993, Ruvkun reported in the journal Cell on the regulation of lin-14 by lin-4. In the same issue of Cell, Victor Ambros described the regulatory product of lin-4 as a small RNA. These papers revealed a new world of RNA regulation at an unprecedented small size scale, and the mechanism of that regulation. Together, this research is now recognized as the first description of microRNAs and the mechanism by which partially base-paired miRNA::mRNA duplexes inhibit translation.

microRNA, let-7

In 2000, the Ruvkun lab reported the identification of second C. elegans microRNA, let-7, which like the first microRNA regulates translation of the target gene, in this case lin-41, via imperfect base pairing to the 3’ untranslated region of that mRNA. This was an indication that miRNA regulation via 3’ UTR complementarity may be a common feature, and that there were likely to be more microRNAs. The generality of microRNA regulation to other animals was established by the Ruvkun lab later in 2000, when they reported that the sequence and regulation of the let-7 microRNA is conserved across animal phylogeny, including in humans.

miRNAs and siRNAs

When siRNAs of the same 21-22 nucleotide size as lin-4 and let-7 were discovered in 1999 by Hamilton and Baulcombe in plants, the fields of RNAi and miRNAs suddenly converged. It seemed likely that the similarly sized miRNAs and siRNAs would use similar mechanisms. In a collaborative effort, the Mello and Ruvkun labs showed that the first known components of RNA interference and their paralogs, Dicer and the PIWI proteins, are used by both miRNAs and siRNAs. Ruvkun's lab in 2003 identified many more miRNAs, identified miRNAs from mammalian neurons, and in 2007 discovered many new protein-cofactors for miRNA function.

C. elegans metabolism and longevity

Ruvkun's laboratory has also discovered that an insulin-like signaling pathway controls C. elegans metabolism and longevity. Klass Johnson and Kenyon showed that the developmental arrest program mediated by mutations in age-1 and daf-2 increase C. elegans longevity. The Ruvkun lab established that these genes constitute an insulin like receptor and a downstream phosphatidylinositol kinase that couple to the daf-16 gene product, a highly conserved Forkhead transcription factor. Homologues of these genes have now been implicated in regulation of human aging. These findings are also important for diabetes, since the mammalian orthologs of daf-16 (referred to as FOXO transcription factors) are also regulated by insulin. The Ruvkun lab has used full genome RNAi libraries to discover genes that regulate aging and metabolism. Many of these genes are broadly conserved in animal phylogeny and could be targeted in diabetes drug development.

SETG: The Search for Extraterrestrial Genomes

The Ruvkun lab in collaboration with Maria Zuber at MIT, Chris Carr (now at Georgia Tech), and Michael Finney (now a San Francisco biotech entrepreneur) has been developing protocols and instruments that can amplify and sequence DNA and RNA to search for life on another planet that is ancestrally related to the Tree of Life on Earth. The Search for Extraterrestrial Genomes, or SETG, project has been developing a small instrument that can determine DNA sequences on Mars (or any other planetary body), and send the information in those DNA sequence files to Earth for comparison to life on Earth.

Innate immune surveillance

In 2012, Ruvkun made an original contribution to the field of immunology with the publication of a featured paper in the journal Cell describing an elegant mechanism for innate immune surveillance in animals that relies on the monitoring of core cellular functions in the host, which are often sabotaged by microbial toxins during the course of infection.

Microbial life beyond the Solar System

In 2019, Ruvkun, together with Chris Carr, Mike Finney and Maria Zuber, presented the argument that the appearance of sophisticated microbial life on Earth soon after it cooled, and the recent discoveries of Hot Jupiters and disruptive planetary migrations in exoplanet systems favors the spread of DNA-based microbial life across the galaxy. The SETG project is working to have NASA send a DNA sequencer to Mars to search for life there in the hope that evidence will be uncovered that life did not arise originally on Earth, but elsewhere in the universe.

Published articles and recognition

As of 2018, Ruvkun has published about 150 scientific articles. Ruvkun has received numerous awards for his contributions to medical science, for his contributions to the aging field and to the discovery of microRNAs. He is a recipient of the Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research, the Gairdner Foundation International Award, and the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Life Science. Ruvkun was elected as a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 2008.

Awards

2004 Rosenstiel Award for Distinguished Work in Medical Research of Brandeis University (co-recipient with Craig Mello, Andrew Fire and Victor Ambros)
2008 Warren Triennial Prize, Massachusetts General Hospital (co-recipient with Victor Ambros)
2008 Gairdner Foundation International Award (co-recipient with Victor Ambros)
2008 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Life Science (co-recipient with Victor Ambros and David Baulcombe)
2008 Lasker Foundation Award for Basic Medical Research (co-recipient with Victor Ambros and David Baulcombe)
2008 Elected to the National Academy of Sciences
2009 Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize, Columbia University (co-recipient with Victor Ambros)
2009 American Academy of Arts and Sciences
2009 Massry Prize from the Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (co-recipient with Victor Ambros)
2009 Institute of Medicine
2011 The International Dan David Prize, awarded by Tel Aviv University, Israel (co-recipient with Cynthia Kenyon)
2012 Dr. Paul Janssen Award for Biomedical Research with Victor Ambros
2014 Wolf Prize for Medicine (co-recipient with Victor Ambros)
2015 Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences (co-recipient with C. David Allis, Victor Ambros, Alim Louis Benabid, Jennifer A. Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier).
2016 March of Dimes Prize in Developmental Biology (co-recipient with Victor Ambros)
2023 Highly Ranked Scholar by ScholarGPS
2024 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (co-recipient with Victor Ambros)

References

"Who are Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun, winners of 2024 Nobel Prize in Medicine?". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on October 7, 2024. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
Who's Who in America 66th edition. Vol 2: M–Z. Marquis Who's Who, Berkeley Heights 2011, p. 3862
Nair, P. (2011). "Profile of Gary Ruvkun". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (37): 15043–5. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10815043N. doi:10.1073/pnas.1111960108. PMC 3174634. PMID 21844349.
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Arasu, P.; Wightman, B.; Ruvkun, G. (1991). "Temporal regulation of lin-14 by the antagonistic action of two other heterochronic genes, lin-4 and lin-28". Genes & Development. 5 (10): 1825–1833. doi:10.1101/gad.5.10.1825. PMID 1916265.
Wightman, B.; Bürglin, T. R.; Gatto, J.; Arasu, P.; Ruvkun, G. (1991). "Negative regulatory sequences in the lin-14 3'-untranslated region are necessary to generate a temporal switch during Caenorhabditis elegans development". Genes & Development. 5 (10): 1813–1824. doi:10.1101/gad.5.10.1813. PMID 1916264.
Wightman, B.; Ha, I.; Ruvkun, G. (1993). "Posttranscriptional regulation of the heterochronic gene lin-14 by lin-4 mediates temporal pattern formation in C. Elegans". Cell. 75 (5): 855–862. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90530-4. PMID 8252622.
Lee, R. C.; Feinbaum, R. L.; Ambros, V. (1993). "The C. Elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14". Cell. 75 (5): 843–854. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90529-Y. PMID 8252621.
Ruvkun, G; Wightman, B; Bürglin, T; Arasu, P (1991). "Dominant gain-of-function mutations that lead to misregulation of the C. Elegans heterochronic gene lin-14, and the evolutionary implications of dominant mutations in pattern-formation genes". Development. Supplement. 1: 47–54. PMID 1742500.
Ruvkun, G.; Ambros, V.; Coulson, A.; Waterston, R.; Sulston, J.; Horvitz, H. R. (1989). "Molecular Genetics of the Caenorhabditis Elegans Heterochronic Gene Lin-14". Genetics. 121 (3): 501–516. doi:10.1093/genetics/121.3.501. PMC 1203636. PMID 2565854.
Ruvkun, G.; Wightman, B.; Ha, I. (2004). "The 20 years it took to recognize the importance of tiny RNAs". Cell. 116 (2 Suppl): S93–S96, 2 S96 following S96. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(04)00034-0. PMID 15055593. S2CID 17490257.
Reinhart, B. J.; Slack, F. J.; Basson, M.; Pasquinelli, A. E.; Bettinger, J. C.; Rougvie, A. E.; Horvitz, H. R.; Ruvkun, G. (2000). "The 21-nucleotide let-7 RNA regulates developmental timing in Caenorhabditis elegans". Nature. 403 (6772): 901–906. Bibcode:2000Natur.403..901R. doi:10.1038/35002607. PMID 10706289. S2CID 4384503.
Slack, F. J.; Basson, M.; Liu, Z.; Ambros, V.; Horvitz, H. R.; Ruvkun, G. (2000). "The lin-41 RBCC gene acts in the C. Elegans heterochronic pathway between the let-7 regulatory RNA and the LIN-29 transcription factor". Molecular Cell. 5 (4): 659–669. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80245-2. PMID 10882102.
Pasquinelli, A. E.; Reinhart, B. J.; Slack, F.; Martindale, M. Q.; Kuroda, M. I.; Maller, B.; Hayward, D. C.; Ball, E. E.; Degnan, B.; Müller, B.; Spring, P.; Srinivasan, J. R.; Fishman, A.; Finnerty, M.; Corbo, J.; Levine, J.; Leahy, M.; Davidson, P.; Ruvkun, E. (2000). "Conservation of the sequence and temporal expression of let-7 heterochronic regulatory RNA". Nature. 408 (6808): 86–89. Bibcode:2000Natur.408...86P. doi:10.1038/35040556. PMID 11081512. S2CID 4401732.
Hamilton, A. J.; Baulcombe, D. C. (1999). "A species of small antisense RNA in posttranscriptional gene silencing in plants". Science. 286 (5441): 950–952. doi:10.1126/science.286.5441.950. PMID 10542148.
Grishok, A.; Pasquinelli, A. E.; Conte, D.; Li, N.; Parrish, S.; Ha, I.; Baillie, D. L.; Fire, A.; Ruvkun, G.; Mello, C. C. (2001). "Genes and mechanisms related to RNA interference regulate expression of the small temporal RNAs that control C. Elegans developmental timing". Cell. 106 (1): 23–34. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00431-7. PMID 11461699. S2CID 6649604.
Grad, Y.; Aach, J.; Hayes, G. D.; Reinhart, B. J.; Church, G. M.; Ruvkun, G.; Kim, J. (2003). "Computational and experimental identification of C. Elegans microRNAs". Molecular Cell. 11 (5): 1253–1263. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(03)00153-9. PMID 12769849.
Parry, D.; Xu, J.; Ruvkun, G. (2007). "A whole-genome RNAi Screen for C. Elegans miRNA pathway genes". Current Biology. 17 (23): 2013–2022. Bibcode:2007CBio...17.2013P. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.10.058. PMC 2211719. PMID 18023351.
Kim, J.; Krichevsky, A.; Grad, Y.; Hayes, G.; Kosik, K.; Church, G.; Ruvkun, G. (2004). "Identification of many microRNAs that copurify with polyribosomes in mammalian neurons". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (1): 360–365. Bibcode:2004PNAS..101..360K. doi:10.1073/pnas.2333854100. PMC 314190. PMID 14691248.
Hayes, G.; Frand, A.; Ruvkun, G. (2006). "The mir-84 and let-7 paralogous microRNA genes of Caenorhabditis elegans direct the cessation of molting via the conserved nuclear hormone receptors NHR-23 and NHR-25". Development. 133 (23): 4631–4641. doi:10.1242/dev.02655. PMID 17065234.
Hayes, G.; Ruvkun, G. (2006). "Misexpression of the Caenorhabditis elegans miRNA let-7 is sufficient to drive developmental programs". Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology. 71: 21–27. doi:10.1101/sqb.2006.71.018. PMID 17381276.
Pierce, M.; Weston, M.; Fritzsch, B.; Gabel, H.; Ruvkun, G.; Soukup, G. (2008). "MicroRNA-183 family conservation and ciliated neurosensory organ expression". Evolution & Development. 10 (1): 106–113. doi:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2007.00217.x. PMC 2637451. PMID 18184361.
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Friedman, D. B.; Johnson, T. E. (1988). "A Mutation in the Age-1 Gene in Caenorhabditis Elegans Lengthens Life and Reduces Hermaphrodite Fertility". Genetics. 118 (1): 75–86. doi:10.1093/genetics/118.1.75. PMC 1203268. PMID 8608934.
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Lee, Siu Sylvia; Kennedy, Scott; Tolonen, Andrew C.; Ruvkun, Gary (April 25, 2003). "DAF-16 Target Genes That Control C. elegans Life-Span and Metabolism". Science. 300 (5619): 644–647. Bibcode:2003Sci...300..644L. doi:10.1126/science.1083614. PMID 12690206.
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"Gary Ruvkun, Ph.D. | Mass General Research Institute". Mass General Research Institute. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
Ruvkun, Gary; Finney, Michael; Zuber, Maria T.; Carr, Chris; Church, George M.; Gilbert, Walter; Quake, Stephen; Mayer, William F. "SETG, a Search for Extraterrestrial Genomes: An in situ PCR Detector for Life on Mars Ancestrally Related to Life on Earth" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2024. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
"Overview ‹ Search for Extra-Terrestrial Genomes (SETG) — MIT Media Lab". MIT Media Lab. Archived from the original on November 30, 2023. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
Melo, Justine A.; Ruvkun, Gary (April 13, 2012). "Inactivation of conserved C. elegans genes engages pathogen- and xenobiotic-associated defenses". Cell. 149 (2): 452–466. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.050. ISSN 1097-4172. PMC 3613046. PMID 22500807.
Ruvkun, Gary (April 17, 2019). "YouTube Video (24:32) – Breakthrough Discuss 2019 – What is True for E. coli on Earth Will Be True for Life on Proxima Centauri b". University of Berkeley. Archived from the original on October 9, 2024. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
Chotiner, Isaac (July 8, 2019). "What If Life Did Not Originate on Earth?". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
"Dan David Prize 10th Anniversary 2011 Laureates Announced: The Coen Brothers – for Cinema; Marcus Feldman – for Evolution; Cynthia Kenyon and Gary Ruvkun – for Ageing". www.newswire.ca. Archived from the original on April 21, 2018. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
"Gary Ruvkun" Archived May 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine – The Gairdner Foundation (Retrieved on May 25, 2008)
"Gary Ruvkun" Archived July 16, 2010, at the Wayback Machine– The Lasker Foundation (Retrieved on September 15, 2008)
"Franklin Award". Archived from the original on May 15, 2008. Retrieved December 14, 2021.
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"Rosenstiel Award Winners". Brandeis University. Archived from the original on August 4, 2017. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
MGH Executive Committee on Research. "Warren Triennial Prize". Retrieved October 9, 2024.
"Gary Ruvkun - Gairdner Foundation Award Winner". The Gairdner Foundation. October 7, 2024. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
^ Morrison, Mike (October 7, 2024). "Mass General Hospital researcher Gary Ruvkun honored with 2024 Nobel Prize". Massachusetts General Hospital. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
"2010 - 2001 Awardees". Columbia University Irving Medical Center. November 11, 2022. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
"Gary B. Ruvkun | American Academy of Arts and Sciences". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. October 9, 2024. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
"Past Laureates". Massry Prize. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
^ "Center for Computational and Integrative Biology". Retrieved October 9, 2024.
"Victor Ambros awarded 2016 March of Dimes prize for co-discovery of MicroRNAs". University of Massachusetts Medical School. May 3, 2016. Archived from the original on July 22, 2024. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
"ScholarGPS Profile: Gary Ruvkun". Archived from the original on October 9, 2024. Retrieved October 9, 2024.

External links

Scholia has a profile for Gary Ruvkun (Q504021).

Gary Ruvkun on Nobelprize.org
RUVKUN LAB
Ruvkun Lab
Harvard Medical School faculty page
Video (24:32): “Migration of Life in the Universe” on YouTube – Gary Ruvkun, 2019.

v t e Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1901–1925	1901: Emil Behring 1902: Ronald Ross 1903: Niels Finsen 1904: Ivan Pavlov 1905: Robert Koch 1906: Camillo Golgi / Santiago Ramón y Cajal 1907: Alphonse Laveran 1908: Élie Metchnikoff / Paul Ehrlich 1909: Emil Kocher 1910: Albrecht Kossel 1911: Allvar Gullstrand 1912: Alexis Carrel 1913: Charles Richet 1914: Róbert Bárány 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919: Jules Bordet 1920: August Krogh 1921 1922: Archibald Hill / Otto Meyerhof 1923: Frederick Banting / John Macleod 1924: Willem Einthoven 1925
1926–1950	1926: Johannes Fibiger 1927: Julius Wagner-Jauregg 1928: Charles Nicolle 1929: Christiaan Eijkman / Frederick Gowland Hopkins 1930: Karl Landsteiner 1931: Otto Warburg 1932: Charles Scott Sherrington / Edgar Adrian 1933: Thomas Morgan 1934: George Whipple / George Minot / William Murphy 1935: Hans Spemann 1936: Henry Dale / Otto Loewi 1937: Albert Szent-Györgyi 1938: Corneille Heymans 1939: Gerhard Domagk 1940 1941 1942 1943: Henrik Dam / Edward Doisy 1944: Joseph Erlanger / Herbert Gasser 1945: Alexander Fleming / Ernst Chain / Howard Florey 1946: Hermann Muller 1947: Carl Cori / Gerty Cori / Bernardo Houssay 1948: Paul Müller 1949: Walter Hess / António Egas Moniz 1950: Edward Kendall / Tadeusz Reichstein / Philip Hench
1951–1975	1951: Max Theiler 1952: Selman Waksman 1953: Hans Krebs / Fritz Lipmann 1954: John Enders / Thomas Weller / Frederick Robbins 1955: Hugo Theorell 1956: André Cournand / Werner Forssmann / Dickinson W. Richards 1957: Daniel Bovet 1958: George Beadle / Edward Tatum / Joshua Lederberg 1959: Severo Ochoa / Arthur Kornberg 1960: Frank Burnet / Peter Medawar 1961: Georg von Békésy 1962: Francis Crick / James Watson / Maurice Wilkins 1963: John Eccles / Alan Hodgkin / Andrew Huxley 1964: Konrad Bloch / Feodor Lynen 1965: François Jacob / André Lwoff / Jacques Monod 1966: Francis Rous / Charles B. Huggins 1967: Ragnar Granit / Haldan Hartline / George Wald 1968: Robert W. Holley / Har Khorana / Marshall Nirenberg 1969: Max Delbrück / Alfred Hershey / Salvador Luria 1970: Bernard Katz / Ulf von Euler / Julius Axelrod 1971: Earl Sutherland Jr. 1972: Gerald Edelman / Rodney Porter 1973: Karl von Frisch / Konrad Lorenz / Nikolaas Tinbergen 1974: Albert Claude / Christian de Duve / George Palade 1975: David Baltimore / Renato Dulbecco / Howard Temin
1976–2000	1976: Baruch Blumberg / Daniel Gajdusek 1977: Roger Guillemin / Andrew Schally / Rosalyn Yalow 1978: Werner Arber / Daniel Nathans / Hamilton O. Smith 1979: Allan Cormack / Godfrey Hounsfield 1980: Baruj Benacerraf / Jean Dausset / George Snell 1981: Roger Sperry / David H. Hubel / Torsten Wiesel 1982: Sune Bergström / Bengt I. Samuelsson / John Vane 1983: Barbara McClintock 1984: Niels Jerne / Georges Köhler / César Milstein 1985: Michael Brown / Joseph L. Goldstein 1986: Stanley Cohen / Rita Levi-Montalcini 1987: Susumu Tonegawa 1988: James W. Black / Gertrude B. Elion / George H. Hitchings 1989: J. Michael Bishop / Harold E. Varmus 1990: Joseph Murray / E. Donnall Thomas 1991: Erwin Neher / Bert Sakmann 1992: Edmond Fischer / Edwin G. Krebs 1993: Richard J. Roberts / Phillip Sharp 1994: Alfred G. Gilman / Martin Rodbell 1995: Edward B. Lewis / Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard / Eric F. Wieschaus 1996: Peter C. Doherty / Rolf M. Zinkernagel 1997: Stanley B. Prusiner 1998: Robert F. Furchgott / Louis Ignarro / Ferid Murad 1999: Günter Blobel 2000: Arvid Carlsson / Paul Greengard / Eric Kandel
2001–present	2001: Leland H. Hartwell / Tim Hunt / Paul Nurse 2002: Sydney Brenner / H. Robert Horvitz / John E. Sulston 2003: Paul Lauterbur / Peter Mansfield 2004: Richard Axel / Linda B. Buck 2005: Barry Marshall / Robin Warren 2006: Andrew Fire / Craig Mello 2007: Mario Capecchi / Martin Evans / Oliver Smithies 2008: Harald zur Hausen / Luc Montagnier / Françoise Barré-Sinoussi 2009: Elizabeth Blackburn / Carol W. Greider / Jack W. Szostak 2010: Robert G. Edwards 2011: Bruce Beutler / Jules A. Hoffmann / Ralph M. Steinman (posthumously) 2012: John Gurdon / Shinya Yamanaka 2013: James Rothman / Randy Schekman / Thomas C. Südhof 2014: John O'Keefe / May-Britt Moser / Edvard Moser 2015: William C. Campbell / Satoshi Ōmura / Tu Youyou 2016: Yoshinori Ohsumi 2017: Jeffrey C. Hall / Michael Rosbash / Michael W. Young 2018: James P. Allison / Tasuku Honjo 2019: Gregg L. Semenza / Peter J. Ratcliffe / William Kaelin Jr. 2020: Harvey J. Alter / Michael Houghton / Charles M. Rice 2021: David Julius / Ardem Patapoutian 2022: Svante Pääbo 2023: Katalin Karikó / Drew Weissman 2024: Victor Ambros / Gary Ruvkun

v t e 2024 Nobel Prize laureates
Chemistry	David Baker (United States) Demis Hassabis (United Kingdom) John M. Jumper (United States)
Literature (2024)	Han Kang (South Korea)
Peace (2024)	Nihon Hidankyo (Japan)
Physics	Geoffrey Hinton (Canada/United Kingdom) John Hopfield (United States)
Physiology or Medicine	Victor Ambros (United States) Gary Ruvkun (United States)
Economic Sciences	Daron Acemoglu (Turkey/United States) Simon Johnson (United Kingdom/United States) James A. Robinson (United Kingdom/United States)
Nobel Prize recipients 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024

v t e Breakthrough Prize laureates
Mathematics	Simon Donaldson, Maxim Kontsevich, Jacob Lurie, Terence Tao and Richard Taylor (2015) Ian Agol (2016) Jean Bourgain (2017) Christopher Hacon, James McKernan (2018) Vincent Lafforgue (2019) Alex Eskin (2020) Martin Hairer (2021) Takuro Mochizuki (2022) Daniel A. Spielman (2023) Simon Brendle (2024)
Fundamental physics	Nima Arkani-Hamed, Alan Guth, Alexei Kitaev, Maxim Kontsevich, Andrei Linde, Juan Maldacena, Nathan Seiberg, Ashoke Sen, Edward Witten (2012) Special: Stephen Hawking, Peter Jenni, Fabiola Gianotti (ATLAS), Michel Della Negra, Tejinder Virdee, Guido Tonelli, Joseph Incandela (CMS) and Lyn Evans (LHC) (2013) Alexander Polyakov (2013) Michael Green and John Henry Schwarz (2014) Saul Perlmutter and members of the Supernova Cosmology Project; Brian Schmidt, Adam Riess and members of the High-Z Supernova Team (2015) Special: Ronald Drever, Kip Thorne, Rainer Weiss and contributors to LIGO project (2016) Yifang Wang, Kam-Biu Luk and the Daya Bay team, Atsuto Suzuki and the KamLAND team, Kōichirō Nishikawa and the K2K / T2K team, Arthur B. McDonald and the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory team, Takaaki Kajita and Yōichirō Suzuki and the Super-Kamiokande team (2016) Joseph Polchinski, Andrew Strominger, Cumrun Vafa (2017) Charles L. Bennett, Gary Hinshaw, Norman Jarosik, Lyman Page Jr., David Spergel (2018) Special: Jocelyn Bell Burnell (2018) Charles Kane and Eugene Mele (2019) Special: Sergio Ferrara, Daniel Z. Freedman, Peter van Nieuwenhuizen (2019) The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration (2020) Eric Adelberger, Jens H. Gundlach and Blayne Heckel (2021) Special: Steven Weinberg (2021) Hidetoshi Katori and Jun Ye (2022) Charles H. Bennett, Gilles Brassard, David Deutsch, Peter W. Shor (2023) John Cardy and Alexander Zamolodchikov (2024)
Life sciences	Cornelia Bargmann, David Botstein, Lewis C. Cantley, Hans Clevers, Titia de Lange, Napoleone Ferrara, Eric Lander, Charles Sawyers, Robert Weinberg, Shinya Yamanaka and Bert Vogelstein (2013) James P. Allison, Mahlon DeLong, Michael N. Hall, Robert S. Langer, Richard P. Lifton and Alexander Varshavsky (2014) Alim Louis Benabid, Charles David Allis, Victor Ambros, Gary Ruvkun, Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier (2015) Edward Boyden, Karl Deisseroth, John Hardy, Helen Hobbs and Svante Pääbo (2016) Stephen J. Elledge, Harry F. Noller, Roeland Nusse, Yoshinori Ohsumi, Huda Zoghbi (2017) Joanne Chory, Peter Walter, Kazutoshi Mori, Kim Nasmyth, Don W. Cleveland (2018) C. Frank Bennett and Adrian R. Krainer, Angelika Amon, Xiaowei Zhuang, Zhijian Chen (2019) Jeffrey M. Friedman, Franz-Ulrich Hartl, Arthur L. Horwich, David Julius, Virginia Man-Yee Lee (2020) David Baker, Catherine Dulac, Dennis Lo, Richard J. Youle [de] (2021) Jeffery W. Kelly, Katalin Karikó, Drew Weissman, Shankar Balasubramanian, David Klenerman and Pascal Mayer (2022) Clifford P. Brangwynne, Anthony A. Hyman, Demis Hassabis, John Jumper, Emmanuel Mignot, Masashi Yanagisawa (2023) Carl June, Michel Sadelain, Sabine Hadida, Paul Negulescu, Fredrick Van Goor, Thomas Gasser, Ellen Sidransky and Andrew Singleton (2024)

v t e Laureates of the Wolf Prize in Medicine
1970s	George Snell / Jean Dausset / Jon J. van Rood (1978) Roger Sperry / Arvid Carlsson / Oleh Hornykiewicz (1979)
1980s	César Milstein / Leo Sachs / James L. Gowans (1980) Barbara McClintock / Stanley Norman Cohen (1981) Jean-Pierre Changeux / Solomon H. Snyder / James W. Black (1982) Donald F. Steiner (1984/5) Osamu Hayaishi (1986) Pedro Cuatrecasas / Meir Wilchek (1987) Henri G. Hers / Elizabeth F. Neufeld (1988) John Gurdon / Edward B. Lewis (1989)
1990s	Maclyn McCarty (1990) Seymour Benzer (1991) Judah Folkman (1992) Michael Berridge / Yasutomi Nishizuka (1994/5) Stanley B. Prusiner (1995/6) Mary F. Lyon (1996/7) Michael Sela / Ruth Arnon (1998) Eric Kandel (1999)
2000s	Avram Hershko / Alexander Varshavsky (2001) Ralph L. Brinster / Mario Capecchi / Oliver Smithies (2002/3) Robert Weinberg / Roger Y. Tsien (2004) Alexander Levitzki / Anthony R. Hunter / Tony Pawson (2005) Howard Cedar / Aharon Razin (2008)
2010s	Axel Ullrich (2010) Shinya Yamanaka / Rudolf Jaenisch (2011) Ronald M. Evans (2012) Nahum Sonenberg / Gary Ruvkun / Victor Ambros (2014) John Kappler / Philippa Marrack / Jeffrey V. Ravetch (2015) Lewis C. Cantley / C. Ronald Kahn (2016) James P. Allison (2017) Jeffrey M. Friedman (2019)
2020s	Emmanuelle Charpentier / Jennifer Doudna (2020) Joan Steitz / Lynne Elizabeth Maquat / Adrian Krainer (2021) Daniel J. Drucker (2023) Botond Roska / José-Alain Sahel (2024)

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