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George Washington Goethals
1st Governor of Panama Canal Zone
In office 1914–1917
Succeeded by	Chester Harding
State Engineer of New Jersey
In office 1917–1917
Acting Quartermaster General of the United States Army
In office 1917–1919
President of George W. Goethals & Co.
In office 1919–1923
Personal details
Born	(1858-06-29)June 29, 1858 Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
Died	January 21, 1928(1928-01-21) (aged 69) Manhattan, New York City, U.S.
Resting place	West Point Cemetery
Spouse	Effie Rodman ​(m. 1884)​
Children	2
Education	College of the City of New York United States Military Academy
Awards	Public Welfare Medal (1914) Cullum Geographical Medal (1917) John Fritz Medal (1919)
Signature
Military service
Rank	Brigadier General

George Washington Goethals (/ˈɡoʊθəlz/ GOH-thəlz June 29, 1858 – January 21, 1928) was a United States Army general and civil engineer, best known for his administration and supervision of the construction and the opening of the Panama Canal. He was the State Engineer of New Jersey and the Acting Quartermaster General of the United States Army.

Early life and education

Goethals was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Flemish immigrants from Stekene, Belgium, Johannes Baptista (John Louis) Goethals, a carpenter, and wife Marie Le Barron. Aged 14, he entered the College of the City of New York. In April 1876, after three years of college, he won an appointment to the United States Military Academy (USMA) at West Point, New York and entered there in June. He graduated second in his class of 52 in June 1880, and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Corps of Engineers of the United States Army.

Military career

Goethals remained at the military academy during the summer and fall of 1880 as an assistant instructor in practical astronomy. In 1881, he attended the Engineer School of Application at Willets Point, New York. His first field assignment came in 1882 with his appointment as engineer officer of the Department of Columbia in Vancouver, Washington. His routine duties included reconnaissance, surveys, and astronomical work, while his most consequential project was the replacement of a 120-foot bridge across the Spokane River.

From 1885 to 1889, he taught civil and military engineering at West Point. He returned to the field in 1889 to assist Colonel John W. Barlow with navigational improvements on the Cumberland River and Tennessee River.

While an instructor at West Point, Goethals agreed to tutor Charles Young, the third African-American graduate of West Point; Young had failed an engineering class but – after being tutored by Goethals – passed and graduated in 1889.

In 1891, Goethals was promoted to captain. He soon was placed in charge of the completion of the Muscle Shoals Canal along the Tennessee River near Florence, Alabama. This was his first independent command, and his responsibilities included the design and construction of the Riverton Lock at Colbert Shoals. His recommendation of a single lock with an unprecedented lift of twenty-six feet was initially opposed by his superiors in Washington, and he was forced to persuade the conservative army engineers of the merits of his design. The lock's successful construction set a world record for lock height. The success of the Riverton Lock inspired the eventual adoption of high-lift locks elsewhere, including those for the Panama Canal.

During the Spanish–American War, he was lieutenant colonel and chief of engineers of United States Volunteers. In 1903, Goethals became a member of the first Army General Staff in Washington, D.C., and served as coastal defence expert.

Construction of the Panama Canal

Theodore Roosevelt believed that a US-controlled canal across Central America was a vital strategic interest of the country. Roosevelt encouraged the acquisition of the French Panama Canal effort. The purchase of the French-held land for $40 million was authorized by the June 28, 1902, Spooner Act. Since Panama was then part of Colombia, Roosevelt began negotiating with that country to obtain the necessary rights. In early 1903 the Hay–Herrán Treaty was signed by both nations, but the Senate of Colombia failed to ratify the treaty.

Roosevelt implied to Panamanian rebels that if they revolted, the US Navy would assist their fight for independence. Panama declared its independence on November 3, 1903, and the USS Nashville impeded Colombian interference. The victorious Panamanians gave the United States control of the Panama Canal Zone on February 23, 1904, for $10 million in accordance with the November 18, 1903 Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty.

United States takeover

The United States took control of the French property—after the bankruptcy of the French Compagnie Universelle du Canal Interocéanique de Panama that started constructions on The Panama Canal under Ferdinand de Lesseps— on May 4, 1904. The new Panama Canal Zone Control was overseen by the Isthmian Canal Commission (ICC) during construction.

The US inherited a small workforce and an assortment of buildings, infrastructure and equipment, much of which had been neglected for fifteen years in the humid jungle environment. There were no facilities in place for a large workforce, and the infrastructure was crumbling.

Although chief engineer John Findley Wallace was pressured to resume construction, red tape from Washington stifled his efforts to obtain heavy equipment and caused friction between Wallace and the ICC. He and chief sanitary officer William C. Gorgas were frustrated by delay, and Wallace resigned in 1905. He was replaced by John Frank Stevens, who arrived on July 26, 1905. Stevens' approach was to press ahead first and obtain approval later. He improved drilling and dirt-removal equipment at the Culebra Cut for greater efficiency, revising the inadequate provisions in place for soil disposal. In November 1906 Roosevelt visited Panama to inspect the canal's progress, the first trip outside the United States by a sitting president.

Chief engineer of the Panama Canal

Whether contract employees or government workers would build the canal was controversial. Bids for the canal's construction were opened in January 1907, and Knoxville, Tennessee-based contractor William J. Oliver was the low bidder. Stevens disliked Oliver, and vehemently opposed his choice. Although Roosevelt initially favoured the use of a contractor, he eventually decided that army engineers should carry out the work. According to the book The Panama Canal: An Army's Enterprise, Goethals made such an impression on William Howard Taft, then Secretary of War, that Taft recommended him as an engineer for the Panama Canal. Stevens, frustrated by government inaction and the army involvement, resigned from his position.

In February 1907 US President Theodore Roosevelt appointed Colonel George Washington Goethals chief engineer of the Panama Canal. The building of the Canal was completed in 1914, two years ahead of the target date of June 10, 1916.

Colonel Goethals received unstinted praise from visiting engineers and from the technical press of the world. In 1913 the degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by the University of Pennsylvania, and in the spring of 1914 he was awarded medals by the National Geographic Society, the Civic Forum (New York), and the National Institute of Social Sciences. In 1914, Goethals and William Crawford Gorgas were awarded the inaugural Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of Sciences. Also, Congress awarded Goethals their thanks and a promotion to major general. President Wilson appointed Goethals as the first Civil Governor of the Panama Canal Zone.

World War I

General Goethals resigned from the post of Governor of the Canal Zone in 1916. Soon he was made chairman of the board of inquiry in regard to the Adamson eight-hour law. His positions thereafter were: State engineer of New Jersey in 1917 and manager of the Emergency Fleet Corporation (briefly). George Washington Goethals was appointed as acting Quartermaster General of the United States Army during the most crucial period of World War I (December 19, 1917 to May 9, 1918) and was a member of the War Industries Board (1918).

Quartermaster General of the United States Army

In April 1917 George W. Goethals was serving at President Woodrow Wilson's request, as General Manager and Director of the Emergency Fleet Corporation— charged with creating improvised ships, to carry the American army and its supplies to France, in the shortest possible time.

The United States as late as 1917 maintained only a small army, smaller than thirteen of the nations and empires already active in the war. After the passage of the Selective Service Act of May 1917, the U.S. drafted 4 million men into military service, the logistics demands were unprecedented. By the summer of 1918, about 2 million US soldiers had arrived in France and approximately 10,000 fresh soldiers were arriving in Europe each day.

Mainly as a result of supply blunders during the bitter winter of 1917, a Congressional investigation was under way, when General Goethals was recalled to active service, and was asked on December 19, 1917, to accept appointment as Acting Quartermaster General. Goethals did so only after Secretary of War Newton D. Baker had assured him full authority and that he would not be interfered with, nine days later he was appointed Director of the Storage & Traffic Service. Reaction to his appointment at home and overseas is illustrated by a message he is said to have received from former President Theodore Roosevelt: "I congratulate you, and thrice over I congratulate the country."

The Army's supply chain suffered from three main problems—a shortage of specialized personnel, decentralized organization and diverse uncoordinated functions. When the United States entered the war, the Quartermaster Corps had suffered a loss of personnel—most officers were sent to the front—this was the first problem demanding attention. Believing the Army's business could be best organized along civilian lines, he hired military men who could get along with industrialists and built with and around a number of highly trained executives and businessmen (among the new recruits were Hugh S. Johnson and Robert J. Thorne). Some of these men were commissioned and some were dollar-a-year-men, most of whom never collected the dollar. From General Goethals down, practically everyone was on the job from early morning to late at night, seven days a week.

Goethals reorganized the corps along functional lines and by January 26, purchasing had been taken away from outside agencies, and placed under his control. The functions of each division and branch were specifically set forth and the personnel in charge was officially designated.

The Overman Act, a result of the Congressional investigations started in December 1917, authorized what became known as the "interbureau procurement system," and was to make the Quartermaster Corps the most important War Department purchasing agency. Goethals established a system of standardization of bureau record keeping and supply chain planning. He also worked on installing uniform procurement policies, with the goal of presenting consolidated estimates to congress.

In April 1918 a further reorganization of the General Staff led to the creation of the Purchase, Storage, & Traffic Division, with General Goethals as Director and Assistant Chief of Staff of the Army. Its creation was the result of protests by General Goethals, to the effect that, though coordination in the handling of Army logistics problems had been a major objective when the General Staff was created in 1903, coordination was practically nonexistent. In the months to come, his division took control of purchasing and storage by the Army as a whole and of transportation over land and water. Now one person coordinated all supply bureaus, which had previously competed for the nation's resources, in a system that had inevitably slowed down input of war supplies.

At a meeting of quartermaster personnel in Washington, on August 8, 1918, Secretary of War Baker said:

How fortunate this great army is to have so good and able a provider. Indeed, when the history of this war comes to be written, there will be chapters which have, up to now, almost escaped .... Today, I had a letter from General John J. Pershing in which he was commenting upon the perfection of supplies on the other side....

France and England were not the only overseas destinations for quartermaster supplies. Among others were Italy, Hawaii, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, China, Russia, and Siberia. In a talk General Wood made at this meeting he mentioned that:

... to handle this task, there are now in the Quartermaster Corps over eight thousand officers, one hundred and fifty-five thousand enlisted men, and sixty-five thousand civilian employees, and that number is being increased all the time to keep pace with the wants of our constantly increasing Army.

In 1919, Goethals requested his release from active service.

Honors and awards

For his World War I service General Goethals, who retired March 1, 1919—and whom General Peyton C. March, the Army Chief of Staff, called "a great engineer, a great soldier, and the greatest Chief of Supply produced by any nation in the World War "—was awarded the Army Distinguished Service Medal; was named Commander of the Legion of Honor by France and Honorary Knight Commander, by Great Britain; and was awarded the British Order of St. Michael & St. George and the Grand Cordon of the Order of Wen Hu by China. Previously he had been awarded many medals by scientific and geographic societies and some fifteen honorary degrees by universities and colleges. The citation for his Army DSM reads:

The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Major General George Washington Goethals, United States Army, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility during World War I, in reorganizing the Quartermaster Department and in organizing and administering the Division of Purchase, Storage, and Traffic during the war.

Civilian life

Later on, he headed an engineering and construction firm. He became the first consulting engineer of the Port of New York Authority (now the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey or PANYNJ). Both the original Goethals Bridge and the current Goethals Bridge, which the PANYNJ operates between New York and New Jersey, were named for him. Goethals was an elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, and the United States National Academy of Sciences.

Personal life and death

In 1884, he married Effie Rodman; they had two sons. Goethals, after having been discovered to have terminal lung cancer in September 1927, died at the age of 69, "surrounded by his wife and two sons", at his apartment at 12 East 86th Street in Manhattan, New York City on January 21, 1928. He was buried at the cemetery of the United States Military Academy at West Point.

Legacy and tributes

• He is the great-great-grandfather of actress Angela Goethals.
• In World War II, the United States liberty ship, USNS George W. Goethals (T-AP-182), was named in his honor.
• The United States Army Corps of Engineers dredge Goethals, which operated 1937–1982, was named in his honor.
• The Goethals Medal was named after him, awarded by the Society of American Military Engineers for eminent contributions to engineering and related fields.
• The Goethals Bridge between Staten Island, New York City and Elizabeth, New Jersey also bears his name.
• The Goethals Road North in Staten Island, New York City bears his name.
• The Goethals Avenue in Queens, New York City bears his name.
• Streets are named for him in Richland, Washington, in Queens, New York City at St. John's University, in Fort Leonard Wood and in Gamboa, Panama.the Goethals Blvd.
• His image is depicted on several US and Panama Canal Zone stamps.
• The Goethals Monument was built in Panama City in 1954.
• Goethalsia, a monotypic genus of flowering plants from Central America. Was named after him.

• Roosevelt and Goethals on US stamp, 1939
• Goethals on Canal Zone postage stamp, 1928
• Goethals Monument, Panama City
• Goethals Bridge
• Dredge Goethals
• USNS George W. Goethals

See also

• History of the Panama Canal
• Postage stamps and postal history of the Canal Zone

References

1. ^ "Gen. Goethals Dies After Long Illness. Builder of Panama Canal and Once Ruler of the Isthmus Succumbs Here at 70. Brilliant Career In Army. His Feat Hailed as One of the Greatest in History. West Point Funeral Tuesday. Gen. Goethals Dies After Long Illness". New York Times. January 22, 1928.
2. Genealogie van Egidius Goethals – HTML uitvoer van HAZA-DATA 7.2 (in Dutch)
3. Belangrijke Goethals'en (in Dutch)
4. ^ The Panama Canal:An Army's Enterprise. United States Army Center of Military History. 2009. pp. 13–15. CMH Pub 70-115-1. Archived from the original on October 15, 2017. Retrieved August 16, 2010.
5. ^ Biographical register of the officers and graduates of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, N.Y. from its establishment in 1802, to 1890: With the early history of the United States Military Academy. Vol. III. The Riverside Press. 1891. p. 328. Retrieved February 8, 2022.
6. McGovern 2019, pp. 11–12.
7. Shellum, Brian G., and Brooks, Vincent (2006). Black Cadet in a White Bastion (Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press), pp. 2, 123, 127-33.
8. Bishop, Chip (November 8, 2011). Lion and the Journalist: The Unlikely Friendship of Theodore Roosevelt and Joseph Bucklin Bishop. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-7627-7754-9.
9. Tucker, Spencer (2009). The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History (Volume 1 ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 245. ISBN 9781851099511.
10. Parker, Matthew. (2008). Panama Fever: The Epic Story of One of the Greatest Human Achievements of All Time—The Building of the Panama Canal. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0385515344
11. Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers, United States Army, Part 2.
12. DuVal, Miles P. (1947) And the Mountains Will Move: The Story of the Building of the Panama Canal. Stanford University Press.
13. For an excellent book on these early years see: Mellander, Gustavo A. (1971) The United States in Panamanian Politics: The Intriguing Formative Years. Danville, Ill.: Interstate Publishers. OCLC 138568.
14. "WGBH American Experience . Panama Canal - PBS". PBS. Archived from the original on December 31, 2016. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
15. McCullough, David (1977), The Path Between the Seas: The Creation of the Panama Canal, 1870–1914, New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 505-508. ISBN 0-671-24409-4
16. Brodhead, Michael J. 2012. "The Panama Canal: Writings of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Officers Who Conceived and Built It." p.1.
17. "Public Welfare Award". National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2011.
18. George W. Goethals papers. Library of Congress.
19. ^ Anne Cipriano Venzon (2013). The United States in the First World War: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 294.
20. "Selective Service System: History and Records". Sss.gov. Archived from the original on May 7, 2009. Retrieved July 27, 2010.
21. "World War I Timeline - 1918 - A Fateful Ending". The History Place. Retrieved November 6, 2016.
22. ^ Major Roy A. Shaw (1951) "Two Acting Quartermasters General and their Assistant". The Quartermaster Review September–October 1951. Fort Lee, Virginia.
23. Risch, Erna (1989). Quartermaster support of the Army: a history of the Corps, 1775-1939. Washington, DC. Center of Military History, United States Army. p.631.
24. Risch, Erna (1989). Quartermaster support of the Army: a history of the Corps, 1775-1939. Washington, DC. Center of Military History, United States Army. p.640.
25. Anne Cipriano Venzon (2013). The United States in the First World War: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 295.
26. "Valor awards for George Washington Goethals". Military Times.
27. ^ Davis, Henry Blaine Jr. (1998). Generals in Khaki. Pentland Press, Inc. pp. 149–150. ISBN 1571970886. OCLC 40298151.
28. "George Washington Goethals". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. February 9, 2023. Retrieved November 14, 2023.
29. "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved November 14, 2023.
30. "George W. Goethals". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved November 14, 2023.
31. ^ McGovern 2019, p. 206.
32. "location 46°16'39.2"N 119°16'47.2"W". Goethals Drive. Google Map. Retrieved December 15, 2015.
33. "40.7191882,-73.8066898 Goethals+Ave,+Queens,+NY". Google location. Google Maps. Retrieved December 15, 2015.
34. "Goethalsia Pittier | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved September 16, 2021.

Further reading

• Bishop, Farnham (August 1912). "The Builder Of The Canal: Col. George Washington Goethals". The World's Work: A History of Our Time. XXIV: 389–402. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
• Bishop, Joseph Bucklin, Goethals - Genius of the Panama Canal (1930).
• McGovern, Rory M. "The School of Experience: George W. Goethals and the US Army, 1876–1907." Journal of Military History 81.2 (2017).
• Mellander, Gustavo A., Mellander, Nelly, Charles Edward Magoon: The Panama Years. Río Piedras, Puerto Rico: Editorial Plaza Mayor. ISBN 1-56328-155-4. OCLC 42970390. (1999)
• Mellander, Gustavo A., The United States in Panamanian Politics: The Intriguing Formative Years." Danville, Ill.: Interstate Publishers. OCLC 138568. (1971)
• "Goethals, George Washington" in American National Biography. American Council of Learned Societies, 2000.
• McGovern, Rory (2019). George W. Goethals and the Army: Change and Continuity in the Gilded Age and Progressive Era. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0700627707.

External links

• Panama Canal Authority biography Archived June 22, 2007, at the Wayback Machine

•  "Goethals, George Washington" . The Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1918.
• "Goethals, George Washington" . Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
• "Goethals, George Washington" . Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.). 1922.
• George Washington Goethals at Find a Grave
• Newspaper clippings about George Washington Goethals in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW

• 1858 births
• 1928 deaths
• 19th-century United States Army personnel
• American people of Flemish descent
• American civil engineers
• American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
• United States Army generals of World War I
• United States Army generals
• United States Military Academy alumni
• Governors of the Panama Canal Zone
• City College of New York alumni
• Military personnel from Brooklyn
• Burials at West Point Cemetery
• Recipients of the Cullum Geographical Medal
• American military engineers
• John Fritz Medal recipients
• American people of Belgian descent
• Members of the American Philosophical Society
• Panama Canal
• Engineers from New York City
• United States Army Corps of Engineers personnel