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Gha
Ƣ ƣ
ğ, ꝙ
Usage
Writing system	Latin script
Type	Alphabetic
Language of origin	Azerbaijani language
Sound values
In Unicode	U+01A2, U+01A3
Alphabetical position	8 (after G)
History
Development	Ϙ ϙ 𐌒 Q Ƣ ƣ
Time period	~1900 to 1983
Descendants	• (None)
Sisters	Q Φ φ Փ փ Ֆ ֆ
Transliterations	ğ, q, g, gh, Ғ
Variations	ğ, ꝙ
Other
Writing direction	Left-to-Right
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between , / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

The letter Ƣ (minuscule: ƣ) has been used in the Latin orthographies of various, mostly Turkic languages, such as Azeri or the Jaꞑalif orthography for Tatar. It is also included in pinyin alphabets for Kazakh and Uyghur; and in the 1928 Soviet Kurdish Latin alphabet. It usually represents a voiced velar fricative [ɣ] but is sometimes used for a voiced uvular fricative [ʁ]. All orthographies that used the letter have been phased out and so it is not well-supported in fonts. It can still be seen in pre-1983 books published in the People’s Republic of China.

Historically, it is derived from a handwritten form of the small Latin letter q around 1900. The majuscule is then based on the minuscule. Its use for [ɣ] stems from the linguistic tradition of representing such sounds (and similar ones) by q in Turkic languages and in transcriptions of Arabic or Persian (compare kaf and qaf).

In alphabetical order, it comes between G and H.

Modern replacements

• Abaza: ГЪ, гъ
• Abkhaz: Ҕ, ҕ
• Avar: ГЪ, гъ
• Azerbaijani: Ğ, ğ
• Bashkir: Ғ, ғ
• Crimean Tatar: Ğ, ğ (Latin), ГЪ, гъ (Cyrillic)
• Dargin (literary): ГЪ, гъ
• Kabardian: ГЪ, гъ (Cyrillic), Ğ, ğ (Latin),
• Karachay-Balkar: ГЪ, гъ
• Karaim: ГЪ, гъ (Cyrillic), G, g (Latin)
• Karakalpak: Ǵ, ǵ (Latin), Ғ, ғ (Cyrillic)
• Kazakh: Ğ, ğ (Latin), Ғ, ғ (Cyrillic), ع‬ (Arabic)
• Khakas: Ғ, ғ
• Kumyk: ГЪ, гъ
• Kurdish: غ (Arabic), x/ẍ (Latin)
• Kyrgyz: Г, г (Cyrillic), ع‬ (Arabic)
• Lak: ГЪ, гъ
• Laz: ღ (Georgian), Ğ, ğ (Latin)
• Lezgi: ГЪ, гъ
• Nogai: Г, г
• Yakut: Ҕ, ҕ
• Tajik: Ғ, ғ
• Talysh: Ğ, ğ (Latin), غ (Persian), Ғ, ғ (Cyrillic)
• Tat: Ğ, ğ (Latin), ГЪ, гъ (Cyrillic)
• Tatar: Г, г (Cyrillic), Ğ, ğ (Latin)
• Tsakhur: ГЪ, гъ (Cyrillic), Ğ, ğ (Latin)
• Turkish: Ğ, ğ
• Turkmen: G, g
• Tuvan: Г, г
• Udin: Ğ, ğ (Latin), ГЪ, гъ (Cyrillic)
• Urum: Ґ, ґ; Ғ, ғ
• Uyghur: غ (Arabic), Ғ, ғ (Cyrillic), Gh, gh (Latin)
• Uzbek: Gʻ, gʻ (Latin), Ғ, ғ (Cyrillic)

Unicode

In Unicode, the majuscule Ƣ is encoded in the Latin Extended-B block at U+01A2 and the minuscule ƣ is encoded at U+01A3. The assigned names, "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER OI" and "LATIN SMALL LETTER OI" respectively, are acknowledged by the Unicode Consortium to be mistakes, as gha is unrelated to the letters O and I. The Unicode Consortium therefore has provided the character name aliases "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER GHA" and "LATIN SMALL LETTER GHA".

In popular culture

Thomas Pynchon's novel Gravity's Rainbow features an episode purporting to be the story of a Soviet officer, Tchitcherine, dispatched to Kirghizstan to serve on a committee tasked with devising an alphabet for the Kyrgyz language. Tchitcherine's particular contribution is the invention of the letter Ƣ, which is thus perhaps the only obsolete letter of a Central Asian language that may be familiar to the non-specialist, English-reading public through a widely circulated novel.

References

1. "Some examples of LATIN LETTER OI (gha) (U+01A2, U+01A3) in Tatar and Uighur printing, with remarks on the recommended glyphs" (PDF).
2. Культура и письменность Востока [Eastern Culture and Literature] (in Russian). Vol. 2. 1928.
3. "Unicode mailing list".
4. ^ "Unicode chart" (PDF).
5. "Unicode Technical Note #27: Known Anomalies in Unicode Character Names".

• Latin-script letters