A number of Lithuanian surnames evolved from the ancient pre-Christian Lithuanian personal names, such as Budrys, Girdenis, Tylenis, Vilkas, Amantas, Bukantas, Rimgaila, Vizgirda, Tarvydas. Many of them are of compound type, typically consisting of two stems (dithematic names), and many are of single stem. Sometimes the order of these stems may reverse, e.g., Norvaišas vs. Vaišnoras, Tautvydas vs. Vytautas.
Some two-stemmed names have a clear etymology, arising from nicknames, such as Baltakis = Balt-akys = "White eyes". Alfred Senn suggects that such transparent names are less ancient development, while those with non-evident etymology originate from the Indo-European pra-language.
A two-stemmed name may be further compounded into a patronymic cognomen/surname: Algirdas—Algirdaitis (son of Algirdas; see Lithuanian names of Vladimir Olgerdovich, Andrei of Polotsk, Dmitry of Bryansk), Žygimantas—Žygimantaitis.
Much of this glossary of stems common in ancient Lithuanian names is based on Dictionary of Lithuanian Surnames, searchable online in the Lithuanian Surname Database (LSD).
Contents
A
- Al-, Alg-; several suggested etymologies
- Ar-
- Aš-
- lt:Ašmantas, Ašvydas
B
- bu, but (may be first or second stem), associatted with the verb "to be" (search for "Butautas" in the LSD)
D
- Dár-: from daryti, "to do", "to make"
- -dau-, most probably from daug, "much" (search for "Daubaras" in the LSD)
G
- -gail-; from gaileti/gailus, "sorry", or gailas, "strong" (search for "Bargaila" in the LSD)
- -gird-, -gerd-; from girdeti, išgirsti, "hear" (search for "Girdvainis" in the LSD)
K
- Kal-
- Kalmantas, Kalminas
- Kant-
- Kantautas, Kantalgas
- Kęs, Kens-, connected with kễsti ( keñčia ) "endure", "suffer"
M
- -mant- is thought to be associated with the word manyti, "to think, " to know", as in mantus, "clever", "cunning"
- Daumantas, lt:Mangirdas, Mantautas, Mantvila/Montvila/Mantvilas/Montvilas, Rimantas, Sudmantas, Vidmantas, Žygimantas (search for "Manginas" in the LSD)
N
R
- Ra-
- Ramantas, Ratautas
- Rad-
- -rim- from rimti, "calm down", ramus, "calm" (search for "Rimgaila" in the LSD)
S
- sūd-:
- Sudmantas (Sudemunt, Sudimont, Sudymont; see lt:Sudimantai), Sudmantis, Sudgintas, Sudvinas
- -sur- (search for "Surgailis" in the LSD)
T
- Tar-
- Tarvydas, Tarvilas
- -tau-/-taut-; "-tautas" is a very common second part. The Lithuanian word wikt:tautà is a cognate of Latvian tautà] and Old Prussian tauto, all meaning "land, country, region", etc.
V
- Vaid-: Several hypotheses of Baltic roots: (1) to see, to know; (2) associated with the verb vaidyti ("to visit, to appear", (3) "to act" (as actor)) or (4) vaidytis (to quarrel).
- -vel-, -vil- is associated with the word viltis, "hope" (search for "Vilbutas" in the LSD)
- -vid/vyd- "to see" (a common Indo-Eropean stem; cf. išvysti, видеть, "vision")
- -vin: Kazimieras Būga reports several names with this stem:
- Buivinas, Daugvinas, Gedvinas, Kąsvinas, Kęsvinas, lt:Lengvinas, Lingvinas, Liutvinas, Mantvinas, Mulvinas, Skirvinas, Sudvinas
Z
- Žei-
- lt:Žeimantas, Žeimintas
References
- Juozas Kudirka , The Lithuanians: An Ethnic Portrait, section Lithuanian surnames (translation of the book: Juozas Kudirka, Lietuviai: etniniai bruožai, 1991)
- ^ K. A. GIRVILAS, PRE-CHRISTIAN NAME GIVING IN LITHUANIA, Lituanus,Volume 24, No.3 - Fall 1978
- ^ Antanas Pakerys, Dvikamienių lietuvių vyrų vardų kirčiavimas: pirmųjų dėmenų tvirtapradė priegaidė , doi:10.15388/baltistica.44.2.1312 (somewhat different version)
- Antanas Pakerys, Dvikamienių lietuvių moterų vardų kirčiavimas
- Alfred Senn, Lithuanian Surnames, JSTOR 2491865
- ^ Surname database; entries based on Lietuvių pavardžių žodynas, (ats. red. A. Vanagas, autoriai A. Vanagas, V. Maciejauskienė, M. Razmukaitė). Vilnius: Mokslas, 1985, T. 1; 1989, T. 2.
- KĘSMINAS
- ANTANAS SALYS, JOTVINGIŲ KALBOS ASPEKTAI / BALTŲ KALBOS, Terra Jatwezenorum, 2010, 2, p. 7-22, also this link
- Paskiausiai ieškota: Vaidila, Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė, referring to Wojciech Smoczyński, "Indoeuropejskie podstawy słownictwa bałtyckiego", p. 233 In: Acta Baltico-Slavica, Vol. 14, pp. 211–240.
- Kazimieras Būga, Apie lietuvių asmens vardus, 1911 (in archive.org, epaveldas.lt )
Further reading
- Irma Stirbaitė, DVIKAMIENĖS LIETUVIŲ PAVARDĖS, M.S. thesis based on the analysis of the Lietuvių pavardžių žodynas