Golan v. Holder

(Redirected from Golan v. Gonzales)

2012 United States Supreme Court case

Golan v. Holder
Supreme Court of the United States
Argued October 5, 2011 Decided January 18, 2012
Full case name	Lawrence Golan, et al. v. Eric H. Holder, Jr., Attorney General, et al.
Docket no.	10-545
Citations	565 U.S. 302 (more)132 S. Ct. 873; 181 L. Ed. 2d 835
Case history
Prior	Golan v. Ashcroft, 310 F. Supp. 2d 1215 (D. Colo. 2004); affirmed sub nom. Golan v. Gonzales, 501 F.3d 1179 (10th Cir. 2007); on remand, Golan v. Holder, 611 F. Supp. 2d 1165 (D. Colo. 2009); reversed, 609 F.3d 1076 (10th Cir. 2010); cert. granted, 562 U.S. 1270 (2011).
Holding
"Limited time" language of Copyright Clause does not preclude the extension of copyright protections to works previously in the public domain. Tenth Circuit affirmed.
Court membership
Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Antonin Scalia · Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas · Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer · Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor · Elena Kagan
Case opinions
Majority	Ginsburg, joined by Roberts, Scalia, Kennedy, Thomas, Sotomayor
Dissent	Breyer, joined by Alito
Kagan took no part in the consideration or decision of the case.
Laws applied
Uruguay Round Agreements Act, Copyright Clause

Golan v. Holder, 565 U.S. 302 (2012), was a US Supreme Court case that dealt with copyright and the public domain. It held that the "limited time" language of the United States Constitution's Copyright Clause does not preclude the extension of copyright protections to works previously in the public domain.

In particular, the case challenged the constitutionality of the application of Section 514 of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act of 1994, which implemented the provisions of trade agreements seeking to equalize copyright protection on an international basis. In the United States, the Act newly granted copyright status to foreign works previously in the public domain.

The two main arguments against the application of the Act in the case were that restoring copyright violates the "limited time" language of the United States Constitution's Copyright Clause, and that restoring to copyright works that had passed into the public domain interferes with the people's First Amendment right to use, copy and otherwise exploit the works and to freely express themselves through these works, thus also violating the Constitution's Copyright Clause.

The US Supreme Court held on January 18, 2012 that Section 514 of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act does not exceed Congress's authority under the Copyright Clause, and the court affirmed the judgment of the lower court by 6–2, with the opinion written by Justice Ginsburg. The practical effect of the decision is to confirm that works that were previously free to use, such as Prokofiev's Peter and the Wolf, are no longer in the public domain and are subject to use only with the permission of the copyright holder, such as through paid licensing, until their copyright term expires again.

History

After the Supreme Court of the United States upheld the 1998 Copyright Term Extension Act in Eldred v. Ashcroft (2003), the United States District Court for the District of Colorado dismissed the plaintiffs' challenge to that act in 2004 (Golan v. Ashcroft). The remaining constitutional challenge to the 1994 Uruguay Round Agreements Act was dismissed the following year (Golan v. Gonzales).

The case affected the copyright status of potentially millions of works, including:

Metropolis (1927)
The Third Man (1949)
The works of Igor Stravinsky
Several works of H. G. Wells, including the film Things to Come (1936)

The case was heard by District Chief Judge Lewis Babcock and was decided by the United States District Court for the District of Colorado in 2005. It was appealed at the Tenth Circuit.

On September 4, 2007, Judge Robert H. Henry of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit affirmed the district court's dismissal of the CTEA claim, as foreclosed by Eldred, and the district court's holding that § 514 of the URAA does not exceed the limitations inherent in the Copyright Clause.

However, the Appeals Court did find "Based on the Eldred Court’s analysis, we examine the bedrock principle of copyright law that works in the public domain remain there and conclude that § 514 alters the traditional contours of copyright protection by deviating from this principle" and concluded "since § 514 has altered the traditional contours of copyright protection in a manner that implicates plaintiffs' right to free expression, it must be subject to First Amendment review." It remanded the case to the district court.

U.S. Supreme Court

A related issue was then brought before the court as Golan v. Holder after conductors Lawrence Golan and Richard Kapp filed suit. In a holding published on April 3, 2009, Judge Babcock reversed his earlier finding that the First Amendment was not applicable to resurrecting foreign copyright claims. Judge Babcock found that aspects of the 1994 Uruguay Round Agreements Act, which brought some works whose copyright had lapsed back under copyright, violated First Amendment rights of so-called reliance parties, i.e., parties who had been using a work formerly in the public domain before the URAA became effective, relying on the work being in the public domain, and who would now no longer be able to do so. He wrote,

In the United States, that body of law includes the bedrock principle that works in the public domain remain in the public domain. Removing works from the public domain violated Plaintiffs’ vested First Amendment interests. Accordingly—to the extent Section 514 suppresses the right of reliance parties to use works they exploited while the works were in the public domain—Section 514 is substantially broader than necessary to achieve the Government’s interest.

He also indicated a possible solution by suggesting that the protection of reliance parties be made not limited in time. However, further appeals by copyright owners were expected.

On June 21, 2010, the Tenth Circuit reversed the judgment of the district court and remanded with instructions to grant summary judgment in favor of the government, thus upholding the constitutionality of the URAA copyright restoration. Golan filed for certiorari in the Supreme Court of the United States asking for the Court to hear the case. On March 7, 2011, the Court granted the writ of certiorari. Oral argument was held October 5, 2011.

On June 12, 2011, the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP, Petrucci Music Library) announced they would submit an amicus curiae brief in the case; a group of Harvard Law School students, supervised by Professor Charles Nesson, represented IMSLP. Other parties that filed amicus curiae briefs in support of the petitioners include:

The Electronic Frontier Foundation on behalf of the Internet Archive and the University of Michigan Dean of Libraries. Joining were the Wikimedia Foundation, the American Library Association, the Association of College and Research Libraries, and the Association of Research Libraries.
H. Tomas Gomez-Arostegui (Lewis & Clark Law School) and Tyler T. Ochoa (Santa Clara University School of Law)
The Eagle Forum Education & Legal Defense Fund
Professor Daniel J. Gervais (Professor at Vanderbilt University Law School)
Public Knowledge
Cato Institute
Peter Decherney
Heartland Angels
Creative Commons
Public Domain Interests
The Justice and Freedom Fund
Professors and Fellows from the Information Society Project at Yale Law School
The American Civil Liberties Union
The Conductors Guild
The Music Library Association
The American Library Association (which also joined the Internet Archive's brief)
The College Art Association
Google

Additionally, amicus briefs in support of the respondents were filed by:

The International Publishers Association
The International Coalition for Copyright Protection
The American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP)
The Intellectual Property Owners Association (IPO)
The Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA)
The American Bar Association
The Franklin Pierce Center for Intellectual Property
The American Intellectual Property Law Association.

Decision

On January 18, 2012, the Supreme Court affirmed the Tenth Circuit's decision 6–2. The majority opinion was written by Justice Ginsburg and joined by Roberts, Scalia, Kennedy, Thomas, and Sotomayor. The dissent was written by Justice Breyer and joined by Justice Alito. Justice Kagan recused.

The majority held that "The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (Berne), which took effect in 1886, is the principal accord governing international copyright relations." The court also held that changing the term of copyright for works in such a way that it diminishes or eliminates rights in the work (in this case the right of the public to the works) does not violate the takings clause of the Fifth Amendment.

Dissenting opinion

Breyer, dissenting, wrote:

The statute before us, however, does not encourage anyone to produce a single new work. By definition, it bestows monetary rewards only on owners of old works—works that have already been created and already are in the American public domain.

Notes

The full title of the case was Lawrence Golan, Richard Kapp, S.A. Publishing Co., Ind., d/b/a/ ESS.A.Y. Recordings, Symphony of the Canyons, Ron Hall d/b/a/ Festival Films, and John McDonough, d/b/a/ Timeless Video Alternatives International v. Alberto Gonzales, in his official capacity as Attorney General of the United States, and Marybeth Peters, Register of Copyrights, Copyright Office of the United States. The case was originally Golan v. Ashcroft, because John Ashcroft was the Attorney General at the time it was originally filed, and was recaptioned Golan v. Gonzales when Gonzales assumed the office. The case's title later became Golan v. Holder when it was reconsidered, to reflect that the office was occupied by Eric Holder.

References

^ Denniston, Lyle, (2011-10-04) "Argument preview: Copyright and the public domain", Bloomberg Law, SCOTUSblog
^ Golan v. Holder, 565 U.S. 302 (2012).
Liptak, Adam (January 18, 2012). "Public Domain Works Can Be Copyrighted Anew, Supreme Court Rules". The New York Times. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
Totenberg, Nina, High Court Sides With Man Abandoned By Attorneys, 'Separate Decision Upholds Copyright Law', NPR, 2012-1-18.
Golan v. Ashcroft, 310 F. Supp. 2d 1215 (D. Colo. 2004).
Golan v. Gonzales, No. 01-B-1854, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 6800 (D. Colo April 20, 2005).
"Revoking the Public Domain?". Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University. December 3, 2004. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
Golan v. Gonzales, 501 F.3d 1179 (10th Cir. 2007).
Golan, 501 F.3d at 1187-88.
Golan, 501 F.3d at 1197.
U.S. Copyright Office: Definition of "reliance party". URL last accessed January 5, 2010.
Ochoa, T.: Ochoa on Golan v. Holder and Copyright Restoration, April 6, 2009. URL last accessed January 5, 2010.
Golan v. Holder, 611 F. Supp. 2d 1165 (D. Colo. 2009).
Nate Anderson, "Court: Congress can't put public domain back into copyright", Ars Technica, April 6, 2009. Accessed April 6, 2009.
Golan v. Holder, 609 F.3d 1076 (10th Cir. 2010).
Stanford Center for Internet and Society: Golan v. Gonzales Archived 2007-05-09 at the Wayback Machine
Falzone, Anthony (February 20, 2011). "(Updated) Golan v. Holder Heads To Supreme Court". The Center for Internet and Technology. Stanford University. Retrieved February 20, 2011.
Golan v. Holder, 562 U.S. 1270 (2011).
Falzone, Anthony (March 7, 2011). "Supreme Court grants cert. in Golan v. Holder". The Center for Internet and Technology. Stanford University. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
"Golan v. Holder (10-545)". Legal Information Institute. Cornell University Law School. Retrieved September 23, 2011.
"Golan v. Holder: Should Shostakovich be Public Domain?" Archived July 10, 2011, at the Wayback Machine by Feldmahler, IMSLP journal, June 12, 2011. Accessed June 15, 2011
"Docket 10-545: Proceedings and Orders". Supreme Court of the United States. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
"EFF Urges Supreme Court to Block Law That Erodes Public Domain". June 21, 2011.
Gagnier, Christina (January 18, 2012). "SCOTUS Adds More Fuel to the Copyright Debate With Golan V. Holder". Huffington Post. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
SCOTUS blog post

External links

Wikisource has original text related to this article: Golan v. HolderGolan v. Gonzales

Text of Golan v. Holder, 565 U.S. 302 (2012) is available from: CourtListener Google Scholar Oyez (oral argument audio)
Complaint in Golan v. Ashcroft at cyber.law.harvard.edu
Jones, Pamela (September 9, 2007). "Fair Use: Affirmative Defense or Right? Do I Have to Choose?". Groklaw.

U.S. Supreme Court Article I case law

Enumeration Clause of Section II
Utah v. Evans (2002) Department of Commerce v. New York (2019) Trump v. New York (2020)

Qualifications Clauses of Sections II and III
Powell v. McCormack (1969) U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton (1995) Cook v. Gralike (2001)

Elections Clause of Section IV
Ex parte Siebold (1879) Smiley v. Holm (1932) U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton (1995) Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission (2015) Moore v. Harper (2023)

Speech or Debate Clause of Section VI
Kilbourn v. Thompson (1881) United States v. Johnson (1966) Gravel v. United States (1972)

Origination Clause of Section VII
Flint v. Stone Tracy Co. (1911) United States v. Munoz-Flores (1990)

Presentment Clause of Section VII
Pocket Veto Case (1929) Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha (1983) Clinton v. City of New York (1998)

Taxing and Spending Clause of Section VIII

Hylton v. United States (1796)
Collector v. Day (1871)
Springer v. United States (1881)
Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. (1895)
Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Co. (1916)
Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co. (1922)
United States v. Butler (1936)
Helvering v. Davis (1937)
South Dakota v. Dole (1987)
Sabri v. United States (2004)
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (2012)

Commerce Clause of Section VIII

Dormant Commerce Clause

Brown v. Maryland (1827)
Willson v. Black-Bird Creek Marsh Co. (1829)
Cooley v. Board of Wardens (1852)
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois (1886)
Swift & Co. v. United States (1905)
George W. Bush & Sons Co. v. Malloy (1925)
Baldwin v. G.A.F. Seelig, Inc. (1935)
Edwards v. California (1941)
Southern Pacific Co. v. Arizona (1945)
Dean Milk Co. v. City of Madison (1951)
Miller Bros. Co. v. Maryland (1954)
Bibb v. Navajo Freight Lines, Inc. (1959)
National Bellas Hess v. Illinois (1967)
Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc. (1970)
Hughes v. Alexandria Scrap Corp. (1976)
Complete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Brady (1977)
Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Commission (1977)
City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey (1978)
Exxon Corp. v. Governor of Maryland (1978)
Reeves, Inc. v. Stake (1980)
Kassel v. Consolidated Freightways Corp. (1981)
Sporhase v. Nebraska ex rel. Douglas (1982)
White v. Mass. Council of Construction Employers (1983)
South-Central Timber Development, Inc. v. Wunnicke (1984)
Maine v. Taylor (1986)
Healy v. Beer Institute, Inc. (1989)
Quill Corp. v. North Dakota (1992)
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. v. Hunt (1992)
Oregon Waste Systems, Inc. v. Department of Environmental Quality of Oregon (1994)
C&A Carbone, Inc. v. Town of Clarkstown (1994)
West Lynn Creamery, Inc. v. Healy (1994)
Granholm v. Heald (2005)
United Haulers Ass'n v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Management Authority (2007)
Department of Revenue of Kentucky v. Davis (2008)
Comptroller of the Treasury of Maryland v. Wynne (2015)
South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc. (2018)
Tennessee Wine and Spirits Retailers Assn. v. Thomas (2019)
National Pork Producers Council v. Ross (2023)

Others

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
Passenger Cases (1849)
Paul v. Virginia (1869)
Cooper Manufacturing Co. v. Ferguson (1885)
Kidd v. Pearson (1888)
In re Debs (1895)
United States v. E. C. Knight Co. (1895)
Champion v. Ames (1903)
Southern Railway Co. v. United States (1911)
Hoke v. United States (1913)
Houston East & West Texas Railway Co. v. United States (1914)
Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918)
Board of Trade of City of Chicago v. Olsen (1923)
A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States (1935)
Gold Clause Cases (1935)
Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan (1935)
Carter v. Carter Coal Co. (1936)
NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. (1937)
United States v. Carolene Products Co. (1938)
McGoldrick v. Berwind-White Coal Mining Co. (1940)
United States v. Darby Lumber Co. (1941)
United States v. Wrightwood Dairy Co. (1942)
Wickard v. Filburn (1942)
United States v. South-Eastern Underwriters Ass'n (1944)
North American Co. v. SEC (1946)
H.P. Hood & Sons v. Du Mond (1949)
Henderson v. United States (1950)
Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan (1951)
Boynton v. Virginia (1960)
Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States (1964)
Katzenbach v. McClung (1964)
Maryland v. Wirtz (1968)
National League of Cities v. Usery (1976)
Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining & Reclamation Association, Inc. (1981)
Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana (1981)
EEOC v. Wyoming (1983)
Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority (1985)
New York v. United States (1992)
United States v. Lopez (1995)
Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida (1996)
Reno v. Condon (2000)
United States v. Locke (2000)
Jones v. United States (2000)
United States v. Morrison (2000)
Gonzales v. Raich (2005)
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (2012)
Taylor v. United States (2016)

Coinage Clause of Section VIII

Legal Tender Cases	Knox v. Lee (1871) Juilliard v. Greenman (1884)

Copyright Act of 1790	Wheaton v. Peters (1834) Paige v. Banks (1872) Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker (1908)
Patent Act of 1793	Tyler v. Tuel (1810) Evans v. Eaton (1818) Evans v. Eaton (1822) Evans v. Hettich (1822)
Patent infringement case law	Evans v. Jordan (1815) Hollister v. Benedict & Burnham Manufacturing Co. (1885) Rowell v. Lindsay (1885) Schillinger v. United States (1894) Bauer & Cie. v. O'Donnell (1913) General Talking Pictures Corp. v. Western Electric Co. (1938)
Patentability case law	Pennock v. Dialogue (1829) Hotchkiss v. Greenwood (1851) O'Reilly v. Morse (1853) Cochrane v. Deener (1876) City of Elizabeth v. American Nicholson Pavement Co. (1878) Egbert v. Lippmann (1881) Consolidated Safety-Valve Co. v. Crosby Steam Gauge & Valve Co. (1885) Voss v. Fisher (1885)
Copyright Act of 1831	Wheaton v. Peters (1834) Backus v. Gould (1849) Stephens v. Cady (1853) Stevens v. Gladding (1854) Little v. Hall (1856) Paige v. Banks (1872) Baker v. Selden (1879) Callaghan v. Myers (1888) Higgins v. Keuffel (1891) Holmes v. Hurst (1899) Brady v. Daly (1899) Bolles v. Outing Co. (1899) Mifflin v. R. H. White Company (1903) Mifflin v. Dutton (1903)
Copyright Act of 1870	Perris v. Hexamer (1879) Trade-Mark Cases (1879) Merrell v. Tice (1881) Schreiber v. Sharpless (1884) Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony (1884) Thornton v. Schreiber (1888) Banks v. Manchester (1888) Callaghan v. Myers (1888) Thompson v. Hubbard (1889) Higgins v. Keuffel (1891) Belford v. Scribner (1892) Brady v. Daly (1899) Bolles v. Outing Co. (1899) Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Co. (1903) McLoughlin v. Raphael Tuck & Sons Co. (1903) American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister (1907) Werckmeister v. American Tobacco Co. (1907) United Dictionary Co. v. G. & C. Merriam Co. (1907) White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co. (1908) Dun v. Lumbermen's Credit Ass'n (1908) Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus (1908) Scribner v. Straus (1908) Bong v. Campbell Art Co. (1909) Henry v. A.B. Dick Co. (1912)
Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890	Straus v. American Publishers Association (1913) Interstate Circuit, Inc. v. United States (1939) Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC (1941) United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. (1948) Broadcast Music, Inc. v. CBS Inc. (1979)
International Copyright Act of 1891	Press Pub. Co. v. Monroe (1896) McLoughlin v. Raphael Tuck & Sons Co. (1903) American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister (1907) White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co. (1908) Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker (1908) Bong v. Campbell Art Co. (1909) Caliga v. Inter Ocean Newspaper Co. (1909) Hills and Co. v. Hoover (1911) Kalem Co. v. Harper Bros. (1911)
Copyright Act of 1909	Hills and Co. v. Hoover (1911) DeJonge and Co. v. Breuker & Kessler Co. (1914) Herbert v. Shanley Co. (1917) Manners v. Morosco (1920) Fox Film Corp. v. Knowles (1923) Buck v. Jewell-LaSalle Realty Co. (1931) Douglas v. Cunningham (1935) Washingtonian Pub. Co. v. Pearson (1939) Sheldon v. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp. (1940) Fred Fisher Music Co. v. M. Witmark & Sons (1943) F. W. Woolworth Co. v. Contemporary Arts, Inc. (1952) Mazer v. Stein (1954) De Sylva v. Ballentine (1956) Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Stiffel Co. (1964) Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States (1973)
Patent misuse case law	Motion Picture Patents Co. v. Universal Film Manufacturing Co. (1917) Morton Salt Co. v. G.S. Suppiger Co. (1942)
Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914	Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC (1941) Dowling v. United States (1985)
Lanham Act	Inwood Laboratories, Inc. v. Ives Laboratories, Inc. (1982) San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee (1987) Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc. (1992) Qualitex Co. v. Jacobson Products Co. (1995) College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board (1999) Cooper Industries, Inc. v. Leatherman Tool Group, Inc. (2001) TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc. (2001) Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp. (2003) Moseley v. V Secret Catalogue, Inc. (2003) Lexmark International, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc. (2014) POM Wonderful LLC v. Coca-Cola Co. (2014) Matal v. Tam (2017) Iancu v. Brunetti (2019) Romag Fasteners, Inc. v. Fossil, Inc. (2020)
Copyright Act of 1976	Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co. (1977) Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc. (1984) Mills Music, Inc. v. Snyder (1985) Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises (1985) Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid (1989) Stewart v. Abend (1990) Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co. (1991) Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc. (1994) Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc. (1994) Lotus Dev. Corp. v. Borland Int'l, Inc. (1996) Quality King Distributors Inc., v. L'anza Research International Inc. (1998) Feltner v. Columbia Pictures Television, Inc. (1998) New York Times Co. v. Tasini (2001) Eldred v. Ashcroft (2003) MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd. (2005) Reed Elsevier, Inc. v. Muchnick (2010) Golan v. Holder (2012) Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (2013) Petrella v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc. (2014) American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc. (2014) Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc. (2017) Fourth Estate Public Benefit Corp. v. Wall-Street.com (2019) Rimini Street Inc. v. Oracle USA Inc. (2019) Allen v. Cooper (2020) Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc. (2020)
Other copyright cases	American Lithographic Co. v. Werkmeister (1911) Ferris v. Frohman (1912) Order of St. Benedict of New Jersey v. Steinhauser (1914) International News Service v. Associated Press (1918) L. A. Westermann Co. v. Dispatch Printing Co. (1919) Lumiere v. Mae Edna Wilder, Inc. (1923) Educational Films Corp. v. Ward (1931) Fox Film Corp. v. Doyal (1932) George v. Victor Talking Machine Co. (1934) KVOS v. Associated Press (1936) Gibbs v. Buck (1939) Buck v. Gallagher (1939) Commissioner v. Wodehouse (1949) Miller Music Corp. v. Charles N. Daniels, Inc. (1960) Pub. Affairs Associates, Inc. v. Rickover (1962) Fortnightly Corp. v. United Artists Television, Inc. (1968) Goldstein v. California (1973) Teleprompter Corp. v. Columbia Broadcasting (1974) Twentieth Century Music Corp. v. Aiken (1975)
Other patent cases	Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co. (1908) Minerals Separation, Ltd. v. Hyde (1916) United States v. General Electric Co. (1926) United States v. Univis Lens Co. (1942) Altvater v. Freeman (1943) Sinclair & Carroll Co. v. Interchemical Corp. (1945) Funk Bros. Seed Co. v. Kalo Inoculant Co. (1948) Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. Supermarket Equipment Corp. (1950) Graver Tank & Manufacturing Co. v. Linde Air Products Co. (1950) Aro Manufacturing Co. v. Convertible Top Replacement Co. (1961) Compco Corp. v. Day-Brite Lighting, Inc. (1964) Wilbur-Ellis Co. v. Kuther (1964) Brulotte v. Thys Co. (1964) Walker Process Equipment, Inc. v. Food Machinery & Chemical Corp. (1965) Graham v. John Deere Co. (1966) United States v. Adams (1966) Brenner v. Manson (1966) Lear, Inc. v. Adkins (1969) Anderson's-Black Rock, Inc. v. Pavement Salvage Co. (1969) Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc. (1971) Gottschalk v. Benson (1972) United States v. Glaxo Group Ltd. (1973) Dann v. Johnston (1976) Sakraida v. Ag Pro Inc. (1976) Parker v. Flook (1978) Diamond v. Chakrabarty (1980) Diamond v. Diehr (1981) Bonito Boats, Inc. v. Thunder Craft Boats, Inc. (1989) Eli Lilly & Co. v. Medtronic, Inc. (1990) Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc. (1996) Warner-Jenkinson Co. v. Hilton Davis Chemical Co. (1997) Pfaff v. Wells Electronics, Inc. (1998) Dickinson v. Zurko (1999) Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank (1999) J. E. M. Ag Supply, Inc. v. Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. (2001) Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co. (2002) Merck KGaA v. Integra Lifesciences I, Ltd. (2005) eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C. (2006) Illinois Tool Works Inc. v. Independent Ink, Inc. (2006) LabCorp v. Metabolite, Inc. (2006) MedImmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc. (2007) KSR International Co. v. Teleflex Inc. (2007) Microsoft Corp. v. AT&T Corp. (2007) Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Electronics, Inc. (2008) Bilski v. Kappos (2010) Global-Tech Appliances, Inc. v. SEB S.A. (2011) Stanford University v. Roche Molecular Systems, Inc. (2011) Microsoft Corp. v. i4i Ltd. Partnership (2011) Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc. (2012) Kappos v. Hyatt (2012) Bowman v. Monsanto Co. (2013) Gunn v. Minton (2013) Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc. (2013) FTC v. Actavis, Inc. (2013) Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International (2014) Akamai Techs., Inc. v. Limelight Networks, Inc. (2014) Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. v. Sandoz, Inc. (2015) Kimble v. Marvel Entertainment, LLC (2015) Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co. (2016) TC Heartland LLC v. Kraft Foods Group Brands LLC (2017) Peter v. NantKwest, Inc. (2019)
Other trademark cases	G. & C. Merriam Co. v. Syndicate Pub. Co. (1915) Kellogg Co. v. National Biscuit Co. (1938) Patent and Trademark Office v. Booking.com B. V. (2020)

Necessary and Proper Clause of Section VIII
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) Lambert v. Yellowley (1926) Sabri v. United States (2004) Gonzales v. Raich (2005) United States v. Comstock (2010) United States v. Kebodeaux (2013)

Habeas corpus Suspension Clause of Section IX
Ex parte Bollman (1807) Ex parte Merryman (1861) Ex parte Endo (1944) Immigration and Naturalization Service v. St. Cyr (2001) Boumediene v. Bush (2008) Department of Homeland Security v. Thuraissigiam (2020)

No Bills of Attainder or Ex post facto Laws Clause of Section IX
Calder v. Bull (1798) Sturges v. Crowninshield (1819) Ex parte Garland (1866) Hawker v. New York (1898) Samuels v. McCurdy (1925) Garner v. Board of Public Works (1951) De Veau v. Braisted (1960) Barr v. City of Columbia (1964) Teague v. Lane (1989) Kansas v. Hendricks (1997) Smith v. Doe (2003)

Contract Clause of Section X

Legal Tender Cases

Hepburn v. Griswold (1870)

Others

Fletcher v. Peck (1810)
Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)
Sturges v. Crowninshield (1819)
Ogden v. Saunders (1827)
Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837)
Bronson v. Kinzie (1843)
Stone v. Mississippi (1880)
Smyth v. Ames (1898)
Block v. Hirsh (1921)
Home Building & Loan Ass'n v. Blaisdell (1934)
W.B. Worthen Co. v. Kavanaugh (1935)
City of El Paso v. Simmons (1965)
U.S. Trust Co. of N.Y. v. New Jersey (1977)
Allied Structural Steel Co. v. Spannaus (1978)
Energy Reserves Group v. Kansas P. & L. Co. (1983)
Exxon Corp. v. Eagerton (1983)
Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass'n v. DeBenedictis (1987)
Sveen v. Melin (2018)

Import-Export Clause of Section X
Brown v. Maryland (1827) Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan (1951)

Compact Clause of Section X
Florida v. Georgia (1855) Virginia v. West Virginia (1871) Virginia v. Tennessee (1893) Wharton v. Wise (1894) Northeast Bancorp v. Federal Reserve Board of Governors (1985) New Jersey v. New York (1998) Virginia v. Maryland (2003) Polar Tankers, Inc. v. City of Valdez (2009) Texas v. New Mexico and Colorado (2018)

Statutes

Pre-1976	Copyright Act of 1790 Copyright Act of 1831 Copyright Act of 1870 International Copyright Act of 1891 Printing Act of 1895 Copyright Act of 1909
1970s	Copyright Act of 1976
1980s	Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988
1990s	Visual Artists Rights Act (1990) Copyright Remedy Clarification Act (1990) Copyright Renewal Act of 1992 Audio Home Recording Act (1992) Uruguay Round Agreements Act (1994) No Electronic Theft Act (1994) Copyright Term Extension Act (1998) Fairness in Music Licensing Act of 1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act (1998) Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act
2000s	Family Entertainment and Copyright Act (2005)
2010s	Unlocking Consumer Choice and Wireless Competition Act (2014) Music Modernization Act (2018)
2020s	CASE Act (2020)

Precedents
and rulings

Supreme Court	Wheaton v. Peters (1834) Baker v. Selden (1879) Trade-Mark Cases (1879) Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony (1884) Banks v. Manchester (1888) Callaghan v. Myers (1888) Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus (1908) White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co. (1908) Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States (1975) Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc. (1984) Feist v. Rural (1991) Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc. (1994) Quality King v. L'anza (1998) Eldred v. Ashcroft (2003) MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd. (2005) Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Omega, S. A. (2010) Golan v. Holder (2012) Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (2013) American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc. (2014) Star Athletica v. Varsity Brands (2017) Fourth Estate v. Wall-Street.com (2019) Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc. (2020) Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc. (2021) Andy Warhol Foundation v. Goldsmith (2023)
Appeals courts	Berlin v. E.C. Publications, Inc. (2d Cir. 1964) Roth Greeting Cards v. United Card Co. (9th Cir. 1970) Eltra Corp. v. Ringer (4th Cir. 1978) Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates (9th Cir. 1978) Midway Manufacturing Co. v. Artic International, Inc. (7th Cir. 1983) Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp. (3d Cir. 1983) Fisher v. Dees (9th Cir. 1986) Whelan v. Jaslow (3d Cir. 1986) Vault Corp. v. Quaid Software Ltd. (5th Cir. 1988) Rogers v. Koons (2nd Cir. 1992) Computer Associates International, Inc. v. Altai, Inc. (2d Cir. 1992) American Geophysical Union v. Texaco, Inc. (2nd Cir. 1995) Dr. Seuss Enters., L.P. v. Penguin Books USA, Inc.(9th Cir. 1997) Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc. (2d Cir. 1998) Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc. v. Connectix Corp. (9th Cir. 2000) Nunez v. Caribbean Int'l News Corp. (1st Cir. 2000) A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc. (9th Cir. 2001) Veeck v. Southern Building Code Congress Int'l (5th Cir. 2002) Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corp. (9th Cir. 2002 / 2003) In re Aimster Copyright Litigation (7th Cir. 2003) NXIVM Corp. v. Ross Institute (2d Cir. 2004) BMG Music v. Gonzalez (7th Cir. 2005) Bill Graham Archives v. Dorling Kindersley, Ltd. (2nd Cir. 2006) Blanch v. Koons (2nd Cir. 2006) Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc. (9th Cir. 2006) Cartoon Network, LP v. CSC Holdings, Inc. (2nd Cir. 2008) Ahanchian v. Xenon Pictures, Inc. (9th Cir. 2010) Penguin Group (USA) Inc. v. American Buddha (2d Cir. 2011) Monge v. Maya Magazines, Inc. (9th Cir. 2012) Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc. (2d Cir. 2012) Seltzer v. Green Day, Inc (9th Cir. 2013) Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc. (2d Cir. 2015) Lenz v. Universal Music Corp. (9th Cir. 2015) Naruto v. Slater (9th Cir. 2018)
Lower courts	Folsom v. Marsh (C.C.D. Mass. 1841) Elektra Records Co. v. Gem Electronic Distributors, Inc. (E.D.N.Y. 1973) Broderbund Software Inc. v. Unison World, Inc. (N.D. Cal. 1986) Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Frena (M.D. Fla. 1993) Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp. (S.D.N.Y. 1999) RealNetworks, Inc. v. Streambox, Inc. (W.D. Wash. 2000) Mannion v. Coors Brewing Co. (S.D.N.Y. 2005) Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC (S.D.N.Y. 2010) Capitol Records, LLC v. ReDigi Inc. (S.D.N.Y. 2013) Equals Three, LLC v. Jukin Media, Inc. (C.D. Cal. 2015) Hachette v. Internet Archive (S.D.N.Y. 2023)

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