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Background information

Snubnose pompano
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Carangiformes
Family:	Carangidae
Genus:	Trachinotus
Species:	T. blochii
Binomial name
Trachinotus blochii (Lacépède, 1801)

The following paragraphs will discuss the golden pompano (Tranchinotus Bronchii) including the geographic range it inhabits, the environment in which it thrives, description of the species and the taxonomy.

Geographic range

Spends from the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea and eastern Africa to the central Pacific Ocean. This includes northern Japan and as far south as the coast of Southern New Wales as seen in figure 1.

Environment

The golden pompano are pelagic fish associated with rocky reefs, coral reeds, as well as in shore habitats. Pelagic fish are associated with open seas. It is found in warm waters between twenty-five through twenty-nine degrees Celsius. They live in brackish waters. Brackish waters can be defined as waters with an increased amount of salinity than fresh water, however lower salinity levels than marine waters.

Description

Tranchinotus blochii, also called snub nosed dart, golden pompano, and golden pomfret, is an Asia Pacific species in the family Carangidae. The fish body shape can be described as fusiform body plane. The shape is streamlined or torpedo resemblance.

The body is also elongated helping to reduce drag as it is a burst swimmer. This is an adaptation to evade predators since drag is reduced. Another adaptation it has. to escape predators is the coloration description. Dorsal side is darker to camouflage into the environment if predated, or hunted, from above. Likewise, it is lighter in color on the ventral, or abdominal, side to blend into the environment if predated from below. Overall, it is tinted with yellow coloration as seen in figure 1 and 2.

Females are typically larger than the male Golden Pompano “females were found to be 17% larger than males after reaching 7 months of age...” .  The length of the fish is in between around forty centimeters to about 110 centimeters.  The weight is around 3.4 kilograms. It is metabolically active and continuously swims thus needs a high energy diet.

Taxonomy

This is the science of naming, describing, and classifying the organism being studied. It can be group as followed:

According to alternative names includes buck-nosed trevally, dart, oyster cracker, snub-nosed dart, and snub-nosed swallow tail.

Behavior ecology

Social behavior

Juvenile pompano live in small schools, or groups, until they reach maturation. Adults live in solitary

Reproduction

The male and females are sexually dimorphic. Sexual dimorphism exhibits traits which differentiate males from females. These traits can be differences in size, color, and behavior between males and female individuals. Males and females have similar colors. However, they have different growth rates. Females typically mature quicker than the males and grow quicker.  There are also sex specific genes that aids in fish differentiation. Females have been observed with a heterozygous mutation. Males have been observed with a homozygous mutation.  

The life cycle starts off with females laying eggs in the offshore. The eggs are about one millimeter in diameter. Typically, they hatch within twenty-four hours. Metamorphism happens as they begin to lose the larvae shape in growing into their juvenile states. This takes about fifteen days to complete. Juveniles can be found offshore in sandy areas. The growth rate of the fish is fast.

Diet

The golden pompano has specialized pharyngeal plates designed to crush food such as shrimp, bivalves, etc. They are benthic feeders (figure 3) meaning that they feed on bottom dwellers. Their diet consists of proteins and fats essential to providing energy for their highly energetic lifestyle due to continuously swimming. Digestive tract is one of the shortest among similar species of fish thus suggesting more frequent feedings increases the growth rate of the fish. During the larvae stage of life, they feed on zooplankton. As they reach adulthood, they feed primarily on invertebrates

Competition

Larger fish, marine mammals, and birds like to predate upon Trachinotus blochii. It causes competition among patches of areas. These patches can have resources that the pompano can use. The pompano evolved evasion as a response to being predated.

Human interaction

Golden pompano is very nutritious and highly sought (figure 4). Consumer demand is high although the wild supply of them is low. There is currently research being done to increase hatchery fish survivability.

Conservation status

Five trachnotus species ( Trachinotus anak, Trachinotus blochii, Trachinotus mookalee, Trachinotus goreenisi, Trachinotus ovatus) were subjects observing global change impact of the distribution of the fish. This study concluded that these species are adaptable and predicts expansions of the geographic range more so into the coasts of China.  These species are least concerned on the endangered species list.  

However, nocardiosis threatens the population. In return, human harvesting and consumption rates can be affected also. Nocardiosis is a bacterial infection. Symptoms includes visible lesions and eroding skin. Degradation of the gills can be apparent. Immunocompromised people could catch the bacteria and become ill. They can show respiratory symptoms similar to colds such as cough, hard time breathing etc.

References

1. Bray, D.J (2022). "Trachinotus blochii in Fishes of Australia". Fishes of Australia. Retrieved 7 Nov 2024.

1. News, Opening Hours Open Daily 10am-5pmClosed Christmas DayFree General Entry Address 1 William StreetSydney NSW 2010 Australia Phone +61 2 9320 6000 www australian museum Copyright © 2024 The Australian Museum ABN 85 407 224 698 View Museum. "Snubnose Dart, Trachinotus blochii (Lacépède, 1801)". The Australian Museum. Retrieved 2024-11-07. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
2. "FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2024-11-07.
3. Tong, Jin-Feng; Yu, Lang; Gan, Rui-Hai; Shi, Li-Ping; Bu, Shao-Yang; Gu, Yue; Wen, Xin; Sun, Jun-Long; Song, Fei-Biao; Zhou, Li; Gui, Jian-Fang; Luo, Jian (2024-06-01). "Establishment and characterization of a golden pompano (Trachinotus blochii) fin cell line for applications in marine fish pathogen immunology". Fish & Shellfish Immunology. 149: 109568. Bibcode:2024FSI...14909568T. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109568. ISSN 1050-4648. PMID 38636741.
4. Schrandt, Meagan N.; Powers, Sean P. (2015-06-11). Hazen, Elliott Lee (ed.). "Facilitation and Dominance in a Schooling Predator: Foraging Behavior of Florida Pompano, Trachinotus carolinus". PLOS ONE. 10 (6): e0130095. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1030095S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0130095. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4466254. PMID 26068114.
5. Shi, Liping; Song, Feibiao; Xing, Shuiyao; Zhang, Weiwei; Liang, Yesong; Zhang, Kaixi; Sun, Junlong; Luo, Jian (2023-08-04). "The muscle nutritional components analysis of golden pompano (Trachinotus blochii) in different mariculture area, growth stages, and genders". Frontiers in Nutrition. 10. doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1148687. ISSN 2296-861X. PMC 10436298. PMID 37599687.
6. Sun, Jun Long; Song, Fei Biao; Wang, Lei; Zhang, Wei Wei; Chen, You Ming; Zhou, Li; Gui, Jian Fang; Luo, Jian (2022-10-07). "Sexual size dimorphism in golden pompano (Trachinotus blochii): Potential roles of changes in energy allocation and differences in muscle metabolism". Frontiers in Marine Science. 9. doi:10.3389/fmars.2022.1009896. ISSN 2296-7745.
7. Yan, Wei-Xiao; Tseng, Yu-Han; Huang, Wen-Rou; Cheng, Li-Wu; Wang, Pei-Chi; Chen, Shih-Chu (March 2024). "Nocardiosis and other common diseases of cultured golden pompano ( Trachinotus blochii ) in Taiwan". Journal of Fish Diseases. 47 (3). Bibcode:2024JFDis..47E3894Y. doi:10.1111/jfd.13894. ISSN 0140-7775. PMID 38014554.
8. Zhang, Kaixi; Song, Feibiao; Liang, Yesong; Zhang, Weiwei; Zhou, Kexin; Chen, Youming; Zhen, Peng; Luo, Jian (July 2022). "Development and verification of sex-specific molecular marker for Golden pompano ( Trachinotus blochii )". Aquaculture Research. 53 (10): 3726–3735. doi:10.1111/are.15876. ISSN 1355-557X.
9. Chen, Shaohua; Xiao, Yongshuang; Xiao, Zhizhong; Li, Jun; Herrera-Ulloa, Angel (December 2024). "Global climate change impacts on the potential distribution of typical Trachinotus fishes and early warning assessment of invasions". Environmental Research. 263: 120115. Bibcode:2024ER....26320115C. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2024.120115. PMID 39369778.
10. "Trachinotus blochii summary page". FishBase. Retrieved 2024-11-07.

• IUCN Red List least concern species
• Trachinotus
• Fish of the Pacific Ocean
• Taxa named by Bernard Germain de Lacépède
• Fish described in 1801