The Governor of Oʻahu (Hawaiian: Kiaʻaina o Oʻahu) was the royal governor or viceroy of the island of Oʻahu in the Kingdom of Hawaii. The Governor of Oʻahu resided at Honolulu and was usually a Hawaiian chief or prince and could even be a woman. The governor had authority over the island of Oahu and Honolulu, the kingdom's capital, and it was up to the governor to appoint lieutenant governors to assist them. The governor had replaced the old alii aimokus of the islands, but sovereignty remained with the king. The island governors were under the jurisdiction of the Ministers of the Interiors. Either the governor or the monarch had the power to call in foreign assistance in time of troubles. This occurred a few times, including the uprising of the Emmaites in 1874 when John Owen Dominis called for British and American assistance. Neither the governor nor monarch called for foreign assistance in January 1893 when John L. Stevens sent American troops into Honolulu.
Role
In the 1840 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii it states:
There shall be four governors over these Hawaiian Islands - one for Hawaiʻi - one for Maui and the Islands adjacent - one for Oʻahu, and one for Kauaʻi and the adjacent Islands. All the governors, from Hawaiʻi to Kauaʻi shall be subject to the King.
The prerogatives of the governors and their duties, shall be as follows: Each governor shall have the general direction of the several tax gatherers of his island, and shall support them in the execution of all their orders which he considers to have been properly given, but shall pursue a course according to law, and not according to his own private views. He also shall preside over all the judges of his island, and shall see their sentences executed as above. He shall also appoint the judges and give them their certificates of office.
All the governors, from Hawaiʻi to Kauaʻi shall be subject not only to the King, but also to the Premier.
The governor shall be the superior over his particular island or islands. He shall have charge of the munitions of war, under the direction of the King, however, and the Premier. He shall have charge of the forts, the soldiery, the arms and all the implements of war. He shall receive the government dues and shall deliver over the same to the Premier. All important decisions rest with him in times of emergency, unless the King or Premier be present. He shall have charge of all the King's business on the island, the taxation, new improvements to be extended, and plans for the increase of wealth, and all officers shall be subject to him. He shall also have power to decide all questions, and transact all island business which is not by law assigned to others.
When either of the governors shall decease, then all the chiefs shall assemble at such place as the King shall appoint, and shall nominate a successor of the deceased governor, and whosoever they shall nominate and be approved by the King, he shall be the new governor.
Abolishment
After King Kalākaua was forced to sign the Bayonet Constitution in 1887, the island governorships began to be viewed as wasteful expenses for the monarchy. The governors and governesses at the time (who were mainly royals or nobles) were also viewed unfit to appoint the native police forces and condemned for "their refusal to accept their removal or reform by sheriffs or the marshal". The island governorships were abolished by two acts: the first act, on December 8, 1887, transferred the power of the police appointment to the island sheriffs, and the second, An Act To Abolish The Office Of Governor, which officially abolished the positions, on August 23, 1888. King Kalākaua refused to approve the 1888 act, but his veto was overridden by two-thirds of the legislature. These positions were restored under the An Act To Establish A Governor On Each Of The Islands Of Oahu, Maui, Hawaii and Kauai on November 14, 1890, with the effective date of January 1, 1891. One significant change was this act made it illegal for a woman to be governor ending the traditional practice of appointing female royals and nobles as governess. Kalākaua died prior to reappointing any of the island governors, but his successor Liliuokalani restored the positions at different dates between 1891 and 1892. After the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii, the Provisional Government of Hawaii repealed the 1890 act and abolished these positions on February 28, 1893 for the final time.
List of governors of Oʻahu
| Name | Picture | Birth | Death | Assumed office | Left office | Notes | Monarch |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Direct rule by King Kamehameha I from Waikiki. | |||||||
| Kūihelani | ? | ? | c. 1796 | c. 1815 | Kamehameha I | ||
| Isaac Davis ʻAikake |  |
c. 1758 | April, 1810 | ? | April, 1810? | Kamehameha I | |
| Oliver Holmes | November 2, 1777 | August 6, 1825 | c. 1810 | ? | Kamehameha I | ||
| Kamehameha II | |||||||
| Lydia Namahana Piʻia |  |
c. 1787 | September 12, 1829 | c. ? | c. 18.. | Kamehameha II | |
| Kamehameha III | |||||||
| Boki Kamāʻuleʻule |  |
c. 1780 | December, 1829 | 18.. | December, 1829 | Kamehameha III | |
| Kuini Liliha |  |
c. 1780 | August 25, 1839 | December, 1829 | April 1, 1831 | acting; widow of Governor Boki | Kamehameha III |
| John Adams Kiiapalaoku Kuakini |  |
c. 1789 | December 9, 1844 | April 1, 1831 | c. 1833 | acting | Kamehameha III |
| Elizabeth Kīnaʻu Kaʻahumanu II |  |
c. 1805 | April 4, 1839 | c. 1833? | April 4, 1839? | Kamehameha III | |
| Mataio Kekūanaōʻa |  |
c. 1793 | November 4, 1868 | November 17, 1846 (official proclamation, but exercised power as early as 1836) | February 18, 1864 | widower of Kīnaʻu Deputy N. Kahulanui |
Kamehameha III |
| Kamehameha IV | |||||||
| Kamehameha V | |||||||
| John Owen Dominis |  |
March 10, 1832 | August 27, 1891 | February 18, 1864 | October 4, 1886 | first time | Kamehameha V |
| Lunalilo | |||||||
| Kalākaua | |||||||
| Curtis Piʻehu Iʻaukea | .jpg) |
December 13, 1855 | March 5, 1940 | October 4, 1886 | August 5, 1887 | Kalākaua | |
| Antone Rosa |  |
November 10, 1855 | September 9, 1898 | April 12, 1887 | July 7, 1887 | acting | Kalākaua |
| Archibald Scott Cleghorn | .jpg) |
November 15, 1835 | November 1, 1910 | July 7, 1887 | July 26, 1887 | acting; first time | Kalākaua |
| John Owen Dominis | |
March 10, 1832 | August 27, 1891 | August 5, 1887 | August 23, 1888 | second time | Kalākaua |
| Interregnum | |||||||
| John Owen Dominis | |
March 10, 1832 | August 27, 1891 | March 2, 1891 | November 11, 1891 | third time | Liliʻuokalani |
| Archibald Scott Cleghorn | |
November 15, 1835 | November 1, 1910 | November 11, 1891 | February 28, 1893 | second time | Liliʻuokalani |
See also
References
- Newbury, Colin (2001). "Patronage and Bureaucracy in the Hawaiian Kingdom, 1840–1893". Pacific Studies. 24 (1–2). Laie, HI: Brigham Young University, Hawaii Campus: 1–38. OCLC 607265842. Archived from the original on 2012-04-15.
- ^ An Act To Abolish The Office Of Governor. Honolulu: Gazette Publishing Company. August 23, 1888. p. 101.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - An Act To Establish A Governor On Each Of The Islands Of Oahu, Maui, Hawaii and Kauai. Honolulu: Gazette Publishing Company. November 14, 1890. pp. 159–160.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - Act 19 – An Act to Repeal an Act Entitled 'An Act to Establish a Governor on Each of the Islands of Oahu, Maui, Hawaii, and Kauai'. Honolulu: Robert Grieve, Steam Book And Job Printer. February 27, 1893. p. 44.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - "Governors (island)" (PDF). official archives. state of Hawaii. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 21, 2011. Retrieved September 1, 2009.
- Greer, Richard A. (1998). "Along the Old Honolulu Waterfront". The Hawaiian Journal of History. 32. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society: 53–66. hdl:10524/430. OCLC 60626541.
- "Governor of Oahu" (PDF). official archives. state of Hawaii. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 21, 2011. Retrieved September 1, 2009.