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Tethytheria Temporal range: Paleocene-Holocene
Top: African elephant, Caribbean manatee; middle: Moeritherium, woolly mammoth; bottom: Paleoparadoxia, Arsinoitherium
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Grandorder:	Paenungulata
Mirorder:	Tethytheria McKenna 1975
Subclades and orders
†Embrithopoda †Desmostylia (?) Proboscidea Sirenia

Tethytheria is a clade of mammals that includes the sirenians, proboscideans, and the extinct order Embrithopoda.

Though there is strong anatomical and molecular support for the monophyly of Tethytheria, the interrelationships between the included taxa remain disputed. The tethytheres are united by several characters, including anteriorly facing orbits and more or less bilophodont cheek teeth (double transverse ridges on the crowns of the teeth). Proboscidea and Sirenia are linked together based on auditory characters in their petrosal bones, but this link may be a homoplasy. Desmostylians, traditionally considered tethytheres, have been tentatively assigned to Perissodactyla, along with the Early Eocene family Anthracobunidae, which was considered a sister group to Tethytheria.

Systematics

Cladogram modified from Rose 2006 and Cooper et al. 2014.

Classification

Classification modified from Rose 2006.

• Clade Tethytheria
  • order †Embrithopoda
    • †Phenacolophidae
    • †Arsinoitheriidae
  • order Sirenia
    • †Prorastomidae
    • †Protosirenidae (Dugongidae?)
    • Dugongidae
    • Trichechidae
  • order Proboscidea
    • †Phosphatheriidae (Numidotheriidae?)
    • †Numidotheriidae
    • †Moeritheriidae
    • †Barytheriidae
    • †Deinotheriidae
    • †Palaeomastodontidae
    • †Phiomiidae
    • †Hemimastodontidae
    • †Mammutidae
    • †Gomphotheriidae
    • Elephantidae

Notes

1. Tethytheria in the Paleobiology Database. Retrieved April 2013.
2. ^ Rose 2006, pp. 242–3
3. Cooper, L. N.; Seiffert, E. R.; Clementz, M.; Madar, S. I.; Bajpai, S.; Hussain, S. T.; Thewissen, J. G. M. (2014-10-08). "Anthracobunids from the Middle Eocene of India and Pakistan Are Stem Perissodactyls". PLOS ONE. 9 (10): e109232. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j9232C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109232. PMC 4189980. PMID 25295875.
4. Rose 2006, p. 213

References

• McKenna, M.C. (1975). "Toward a phylogenetic classification of the Mammalia". In Luckett, W.P.; Szalay, F.S. (eds.). Phylogeny of the primates: a multidisciplinary approach (Proceedings of WennerGren Symposium no. 61, Burg Wartenstein, Austria, July 6–14, 1974. New York: Plenum. pp. 21–46. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-2166-8_2. ISBN 978-1-4684-2168-2.
• Rose, Kenneth David (2006). The beginning of the age of mammals. Baltimore: JHU Press. ISBN 0801884721.

v t e Paenungulatomorpha
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Infraclass: Placentalia Superorder: Afrotheria
Paenungulatomorpha †Abdounodus †Hadrogeneios †Ocepeia Hyracoidea †Dimaitherium †Helioseus †Megalohyrax †Microhyrax †Namahyrax †Regubahyrax †Rukwalorax †Saghatherium †Seggeurius †Selenohyrax †Thyrohyrax †Geniohyidae Abdahyrax Brachyhyrax Bunohyrax Geniohyus Nengohyrax Pachyhyrax †Titanohyracidae Afrohyrax Antilohyrax Rupestrohyrax Titanohyrax †Pliohyracidae Hengduanshanhyrax Kvabebihyrax Meroehyrax Parapliohyrax Pliohyrax Postschizotherium Prohyrax Procaviidae Dendrohyrax †Gigantohyrax Heterohyrax Procavia Tethytheria †Desmostylia? Paleoparadoxiidae Ashoroa Paleoparadoxia Neoparadoxia Desmostylidae Behemotops Cornwallius Desmostylus Kronokotherium Ounalashkastylus †Embrithopoda Stylolophus Arsinoitheriidae Arsinoitherium Namatherium Palaeoamasiidae Crivadiatherium Hypsamasia Palaeoamasia Proboscidea see Proboscidea includes elephants Sirenia see Sirenia includes dugongs and manatees

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