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Gregory Bar Hebraeus (Classical Syriac: ܓܪܝܓܘܪܝܘܣ ܒܪ ܥܒܪܝܐ, b. 1226 - d. 30 July 1286), known by his Syriac ancestral surname as Barebraya or Barebroyo, in Arabic sources by his kunya Abu'l-Faraj, and his Latinized name Abulpharagius in the Latin West, was a Maphrian (regional primate) of the Syriac Orthodox Church from 1264 to 1286. He was a prominent writer, who created various works in the fields of Christian theology, philosophy, history, linguistics, and poetry. For his contributions to the development of Syriac literature, has been praised as one of the most learned and versatile writers among Syriac Orthodox Christians.

In his numerous and elaborate treatises, he collected as much contemporary knowledge in theology, philosophy, science and history as was possible in 13th century Syria. Most of his works were written in Classical Syriac language. He also wrote some in Arabic, which was the common language in his day.

Name

It is not clear when Bar Hebraeus adopted the Christian name Gregory (Syriac: ܓܪܝܓܘܪܝܘܣ Grigorios), but according to the Syriac Orthodox tradition of naming high priests, it may have occurred at the time of his consecration as bishop. Throughout his life, he was often referred to by the Syriac nickname Bar ʿEvrāyā (ܒܪ ܥܒܪܝܐ, which is pronounced and often transliterated as Bar Ebroyo in the Western Syriac Rite of the Syriac Orthodox Church, giving rise to the Latinised name Bar Hebraeus. It was previously thought that this name, which means "Son of the Hebrew", was a reference to his Jewish background. Modern scholarship has moved away from this affirmation, because it is not substantiated by other facts. The name may refer to the ancestral origin of his family from ʿEbrā, a village by the Euphrates near Malatya, the city in which he grew up. A few Syriac sources give Bar Hebraeus's full Arabic name as Jamāluddīn Abū'l-Faraj Ġrīġūriyūs bin Tājuddīn Hārūn bin Tūmā al-Malaṭī (Arabic: جمال الدين ابو الفرج غريغوريوس بن تاج الدين هارون بن توما الملطي). However, all references to this longer name are posthumous. The Syriac nickname Bar ʿEbrāyā is sometimes arabised as ibn al-ʿIbrī (Arabic: ابن العبري). E. A. W. Budge says Bar Hebraeus was given the baptismal name John (Syriac: ܝܘܚܢܢ, Yōḥanan), but this may be a scribal error. As a Syriac bishop, Bar Hebraeus is often given the honorific Mār (Syriac: ܡܪܝ, pronounced Mor in West Syriac dialect), and thus Mar/Mor Gregory. He is also known as Abu'l Faraj (in Latin, Abulpharagius).

Life

A Syriac bishop, philosopher, poet, grammarian, physician, biblical commentator, historian, and theologian, Bar Hebraeus was the son of a physician, Aaron (Hārūn bin Tūmā al-Malaṭī, Arabic: هارون بن توما الملطي). Bar Hebraeus was born in the village of ʿEbra (Izoli, Turk.: Kuşsarayı) near Malatya, Sultanate of Rum (now Turkey, in the province of Elazığ). Under the care of his father, he began as a boy (a teneris unguiculis) the study of medicine and of many other branches of knowledge, which he never abandoned.

A Mongol general invaded the area of Malatya, and falling ill, sought for a physician. Aaron, the Hebrew physician, was summoned. Upon his recovery, the Mongol general and Aaron, who took his family with him, went to Antioch (see Principality of Antioch and Franco-Mongol alliance). There Bar Hebraeus continued with his studies and when he was about seventeen years of age he became a monk and began to lead the life of a hermit.

From Antioch Bar Hebraeus went to Tripoli in Phoenicia (actually in the County of Tripoli, a Crusader state in his time), and studied rhetoric and medicine. In 1246, he was consecrated bishop of Gubos by the Syriac Orthodox Patriarch Ignatius III David, and in 1252 he was transferred to Aleppo. In 1255 he was again transferred to the see of Laqabin and finally was made primate, or maphrian, of the East by Ignatius IV Yeshu in 1264. His episcopal duties did not interfere with his studies; he took advantage of the numerous visitations, which he had to make throughout his vast province, to consult the libraries and converse with the learned men whom he happened to meet. Thus he gradually accumulated an immense erudition, became familiar with almost all branches of secular and religious knowledge, and in many cases thoroughly mastered the bibliography of the various subjects which he undertook to treat. Bar Hebraeus preserved and systematized the work of his predecessors, either by way of condensation or by way of direct reproduction. Both on account of his virtues and of his science, Bar Hebraeus was highly esteemed. He died in Maragheh, Ilkhanate Persia, and was buried at the Mor Mattai Monastery, near Mosul. He left an autobiography, to be found in Giuseppe Simone Assemani, Biblioth. Orient., II, 248–263; the account of his death was written by his brother, the maphrian Gregory III (Grigorius bar Saumo; d. 1307/8).

Works

Encyclopedic and philosophical

Bar Hebraeus' great encyclopedic work is his Hewath Hekhmetha, "The Cream of Science", which deals with almost every branch of human knowledge, and comprises the whole Aristotelian discipline, after Avicenna and Arabian writers. This work, so far, has not been published, with the exception of one chapter, by Margoliouth, in Analecta Orientalia ad poeticam Aristoteleam (London, 1887), 114–139.

The Kethabha dhe-Bhabhatha ("Book of the Pupils of the Eyes") is a compendium of logic and dialectics. Other works are to be found in various manuscripts, preserved at Florence, Oxford, London, and elsewhere. The Teghrath Teghratha ("Commerce of Commerces") is a résumé of the preceding, while Kethabha dhe-Sewadh Sophia ("Book of Speech of Wisdom") represents a compendium of knowledge in physics and metaphysics. To these should be added a few translations of Arabic works into Syriac, as well as some treatises written in Arabic.

Biblical

The most important work of Bar Hebraeus is Awsar Raze, "Storehouse of Secrets", a commentary on the entire Bible, both doctrinal and critical. Before giving his doctrinal exposition of a passage, he first considers its critical state. Although he uses the Peshitta as a basis, he knows that it is not perfect, and therefore controls it by the Hebrew, the Septuagint, the Greek versions of Symmachus, Theodotion, Aquila, by Oriental versions, Armenian and Coptic, and finally by the other Syriac translations, Heraclean, Philoxenian and especially the Syro-Hexapla. The work of Bar Hebraeus is of prime importance for the recovery of these versions and more specially for the Hexapla of Origen, of which the Syro-Hexapla is a translation by Paul of Tella. His exegetical and doctrinal portions are taken from the Greek Fathers and previous Syriac Orthodox theologians. No complete edition of the work has yet been issued, but many individual books have been published at different times.

Historical

Bar Hebraeus has left a large ecclesiastical history called Makhtbhanuth Zabhne (Chronicon), in which he considers history from the Creation down to his own day. Bar Hebraeus used almost all that had been written before him, showing particular favor to the now lost chronographic records published by Theophilus of Edessa (late 8th century, although he has this only through Michael the Syrian and other dependents). The work is divided into two portions, often transmitted separately.

The first portion deals with political and civil history and is known as the Chronicon Syriacum. The standard edition of the Chronicon Syriacum is that of Paul Bedjan. An English translation by E. A. Wallis Budge was published in 1932.

This was to give context to the second portion, known as the Chronicon Ecclesiasticum and covering the religious history. That section begins with Aaron and consists of a series of entries of important individuals. The first half covers the history of the Syriac Orthodox Church and the Patriarchs of Antioch, while the second half is devoted to the Church of the East, the Nestorian Patriarchs, and the Jacobite Maphrians. The current edition of the Chronicon Ecclesiasticum is that of Abbeloos and Lamy, Syriac text, Latin translation. An English translation by David Wilmshurst was published in 2016.

Bar Hebraeus towards the end of his life decided to write a history in Arabic largely based on the Chronicon Syriacum, adapted for a wider Arabic-reading readership rather than solely for Syriac-literate clergy. The work became known under the name al-Mukhtaṣar fi-l-Duwal. This was first published by Edward Pococke in 1663 with Latin comments and translation. A modern edition was first published by Fr. Anton Salhani in 1890.

Theological

In theology Bar Hebraeus was a Miaphysite. He once mused: When I had given much thought and pondered on the matter, I became convinced that these quarrels among the different Christian Churches are not a matter of factual substance, but of words and terminology; for they all confess Christ our Lord to be perfect God and perfect human, without any commingling, mixing, or confusion of the natures... Thus I saw all the Christian communities, with their different christological positions, as possessing a single common ground that is without any difference between them.

In this field, we have from Bar Hebraeus Menarath Qudhshe, "Lamp of the Sanctuary", and the Kethabha dhe-Zalge, "Book of Rays", a summary of the first. These works have not been published, and exist in manuscript in Paris, Berlin, London, Oxford, and Rome. Ascetical and moral theology were also treated by Bar Hebraeus, and we have from him Kethabha dhe-Ithiqon, "Book of Ethics", and Kethabha dhe-Yauna, "Book of the Dove", an ascetical guide. Both have been edited by Bedjan in "Ethicon seu Moralia Gregorii Barhebræi" (Paris and Leipzig, 1898). The "Book of the Dove" was issued simultaneously by Cardahi (Rome, 1898). Bar Hebraeus codified the juridical texts of the Syriac Orthodox, in a collection called Kethabha dhe-Hudhaye, "Book of Directions", edited by Bedjan, "Barhebræi Nomocanon" (Paris, 1898). A Latin translation is to be found in Angelo Mai, "Scriptorum Veter. Nova Collectio", vol. x.

Linguistic

Linguistic works of Gregory Bar Hebraeus resulted from his studies of Syriac language and Syriac literature. He wrote two major grammatical works. First is the "Book of grammar in the meter of Mor Ephrem", also known as the "Metrical Grammar", written in verses with commentaries, and extant in some 140 copies from various periods. In that work, he referred to his native language both as Aramaic (ārāmāytā) and Syriac (sûryāyā). His other grammatical work is called the "Book of Splendours" (Ktābā d-ṣemḥe). Both were edited by Paulin Martin in 1872.

Other works

Beside previously mentioned, Bar Hebraeus has left many other works on mathematics, astronomy, cosmography, medicine and philosophy, some of which have been published, but others exist only in manuscripts. The more important of them are:

• Kethabha dhe-Bhabhatha (Book of the Pupils of the Eyes), a treatise on logic or dialectics
• Hewath Hekmetha (Butter of Wisdom), an exposition of the whole philosophy of Aristotle
• Suloqo Hawnonoyo (Ascent of the Mind), a treatise on astronomy and cosmography, edited and translated by F. Nau (Paris, 1899)
• various medical works
• Kethabha dhe-Zalge (Book of Rays), a treatise on grammar
• ethical works
• poems
• Kethabha dhe-Thunnaye Mghahkhane (Book of Entertaining Stories), edited and translated by E. A. Wallis Budge (London, 1897).

A full list of Bar Hebraeus's other works, and of editions of such of them as have been published, can be found in several scholarly works.

Veneration

He is regarded as a saint by the Syriac Orthodox Church, who hold his feast day on July 30.

References

1. ^ Teule 2012, p. 588-609.
2. ^ Takahashi 2011, p. 54-56.
3. Wright 1894, p. 265–281.
4. ^ Budge 1932a, p. XV.
5. Budge 1932a, p. XVI.
6. ^ Budge 1932a, p. XVII.
7. Teule 2012, p. 589.
8. ^ Takahashi 2005.
9. Todt 1988, p. 60–80.
10. ^ Conrad 1994, p. 319-378.
11. Bedjan 1890.
12. Budge 1932a.
13. Budge 1932b.
14. 3 vols., Louvain, 1872–77.
15. Wilmshurst 2016.
16. Conrad 1994, p. 328-341.
17. Conrad 1994, p. 324-325.
18. Gregorius Abul-Pharajius (1663). Pococke, Edward (ed.). Tārīkh mukhtaṣar al-duwal/Historia compendiosa dynastiarum authore Gregorio Abul-Pharajio, Malatiensi medico, historiam complectens universalem, à mundo condito, usque ad tempora authoris, res orientalium accuratissimè describens. Arabice edita, & Latine versa, ab Edvardo Pocockio linguæ Hebraicæ in Academia Oxoniensi professore regio, nec non in eadem L. Arabicæ prælectore., & Ædis Christi præbendario. Oxford: R. Davis. Retrieved September 10, 2018.
19. Gregorius abu-l-Faraj b. Harun (1890). Sahlani, Anton (ed.). Tārīkh mukhtaṣar al-duwal. Beirut: Imprimerie Catholique. Retrieved September 10, 2018.
20. Teule 1999, p. 20-22.
21. Bar Hebraeus. Book of the Dove. Chapter IV.
22. Bohas 2008, p. 145-158.
23. Farina 2016, p. 345-360.
24. Farina 2017, p. 157–170.
25. Takahashi 2005, p. 359-372.
26. Farina 2015, p. 111.
27. Martin 1872a.
28. Martin 1872b.
29. Takahashi, Hidemi; Yaguchi, Naohide (2017-01-01). "On the Medical Works of Barhebraeus: With a Description of the Abridgement of Ḥunain's Medical Questions". Aramaic Studies. 15 (2): 252–276. doi:10.1163/17455227-01501005. ISSN 1745-5227.
30. Holweck, F. G., A Biographical Dictionary of the Saints. St. Louis, MO: B. Herder Book Co. 1924.

Sources

• Bedjan, Paul, ed. (1890). Gregorii Barhebraei Chronicon Syriacum e codd. mss. emendatum ac punctis vocalibus adnotationibusque locupletatum. Paris: Maisonneuve.
• Bohas, Georges (2008). "Barhebraeus et la tradition grammaticale syriaque" (PDF). Parole de l'Orient. 33: 145–158.
• Brock, Sebastian P. (1989). "Three Thousand Years of Aramaic Literature". ARAM Periodical. 1 (1): 11–23.
• Budge, Ernest A. Wallis, ed. (1932a). The Chronography of Gregory Abû'l Faraj, the Son of Aaron, the Hebrew Physician, Commonly known as Bar Hebraeus. Vol. 1. London: Oxford University Press.
• Budge, Ernest A. Wallis, ed. (1932b). The Chronography of Gregory Abû'l Faraj, the Son of Aaron, the Hebrew Physician, Commonly known as Bar Hebraeus. Vol. 2. London: Oxford University Press.
• Conrad, Lawrence I. (1994). "On the Arabic Chronicle of Bar Hebraeus: His Aims and Audience" (PDF). Parole de l'Orient. 19: 319–378.
• Farina, Margherita (2015). "La Grammatica Metrica di Barhebraeus (XIII sec.) e le sue glosse: Siriaco, greco e arabo in contatto". Rappresentazioni linguistiche dell'identità. Napoli: Università degli Studi di Napoli. pp. 107–125.
• Farina, Margherita (2016). "Barhebraeus' Metrical Grammar and Ms. BML Or. 298: Codicological and Linguistic Remarks". Studi classici e orientali. 62: 345–360.
• Farina, Margherita (2017). "The Syro-Arabic Glosses to Barhebraeus' Metrical Grammar". Language and Identity in Multilingual Mediterranean Settings: Challenges for Historical Sociolinguistics. Berlin-Boston: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 157–170. ISBN 9783110554274.
• Habbabé, Dibo (2018). "Comparing the Syriac and Arabic Chronicles of Barhebraeus: The Question of Intended Audiences". The Harp. 33: 205–268.
• Hambye, Édouard R. (1990). "Bar Ebroyo and the Byzantine Empire". V Symposium Syriacum 1988. Roma: Pontificium institutum studiorum orientalium. pp. 403–408.
• Martin, Jean-Pierre-Paulin, ed. (1872a). Oeuvres grammaticales d'Abou'lfaradj dit Bar Hebreus. Vol. 1. Paris: Maisonneuve.
• Martin, Jean-Pierre-Paulin, ed. (1872b). Oeuvres grammaticales d'Abou'lfaradj dit Bar Hebreus. Vol. 2. Paris: Maisonneuve.
• Mazzola, Marianna (2018). "The Textual Tradition of Bar Ebroyo's Chronicle: A Preliminary Study". Le Muséon. 131 (1–2): 73–100.
• Mazzola, Marianna (2020). "From High Priest to Patriarch: History and Authority in the Ecclesiastical History of Bar Ebroyo". Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, Subsidia. Louvain: Peeters Publishers.
• Schmitt, Jens Ole (2020). "Some Remarks on East Syrian Influences Found in Barhebraeus's Works". Griechische Philosophie und Wissenschaft bei den Ostsyrern. Berlin-Boston: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 157–175. ISBN 9783110667349.
• Takahashi, Hidemi (2005). Barhebraeus: A Bio-Bibliography. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. ISBN 9781593331481.
• Takahashi, Hidemi (2007). "Barhebraeus: Gregory Abū al-Faraj". The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0. (PDF version)
• Takahashi, Hidemi (2011). "Bar ʿEbroyo, Grigorios". Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 54–56.
• Taylor, David G. K. (2011). "Syriac Lexicography". Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 391–393.
• Teule, Herman G. B. (1996). "The Crusaders in Barhebraeus' Syriac and Arabic Secular Chronicles: A Different Approach". East and West in the Crusader States: Context, Contacts, Confrontations. Vol. 1. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. pp. 39–49. ISBN 9789068317923.
• Teule, Herman G. B. (1999). "It is Not Right to Call Ourselves Orthodox and the Other Heretics: Ecumenical Attitudes in the Jacobite Church in the Time of the Crusaders". East and West in the Crusader States: Context, Contacts, Confrontations. Vol. 2. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. pp. 13–27. ISBN 9789042907867.
• Teule, Herman G. B. (2003). "Gregory Barhebraeus and his Time: The Syrian Renaissance". Journal of the Canadian Society for Syriac Studies. 3 (1): 21–43. doi:10.31826/jcsss-2009-030104. S2CID 212688549.
• Teule, Herman G. B. (2006). "The Ecclesiastical Chronicle of Gregory Bar Ebroyo". Journal of the Canadian Society for Syriac Studies. 6: 61–81.
• Teule, Herman G. B. (2009). "Reflections on Identity: The Suryoye of the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries: Bar Salibi, Bar Shakko, and Barhebraeus". Church History and Religious Culture. 89 (1–3): 179–189. doi:10.1163/187124109X407899.
• Teule, Herman G. B. (2012). "Barhebraeus". Christian-Muslim Relations: A Bibliographical History. Vol. 4. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 588–609. ISBN 978-9004228542.
• Teule, Herman G. B. (2013). "Gregory Bar Ebrōyō and Abdisho Bar Brikhā: Similar but Different". Orientalia Christiana: Festschrift für Hubert Kaufhold zum 70. Geburtstag. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 543–551. ISBN 9783447068857.
• Todt, Susanne Regina (1988). "Die Syrische und die Arabische Weltgeschichte des Bar Hebraeus - ein Vergleich". Der Islam: Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Kultur des Islamischen Orients. 65 (1): 60–80.
• Weltecke, Dorothea; Younansardaroud, Helen (2019). "The Renaissance of Syriac Literature in the Twelfth–Thirteenth Centuries". The Syriac World. London: Routledge. pp. 698–717. ISBN 9781138899018.
• Wilmshurst, David, ed. (2016). Bar Hebraeus: The Ecclesiastical Chronicle: An English Translation. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. ISBN 9781463205355.
• Wright, William (1894). A Short History of Syriac Literature. London: Adam and Charles Black.

External links

• Introduction of: Ernest A. Wallis Budge, The Chronography of Gregory Abû’l Faraj, the Son of Aaron, the Hebrew Physician, Commonly known as Bar Hebraeus, London: Oxford University Press, 1932.
• Gregorii Barhebraei Chronicon ecclesiasticum: quod e codice Musei britannici descriptum conjuncta opera ediderunt, Latinitate donarunt annotationibusque ...illustrarunt Jean Baptiste Abbeloos, Thomas Joseph Lamy Also at Archive.org here.
• Gregorii Bar-Hebraei Scholia in Psalmum LXVIII. e codicibus mss. syriacis Bibliothecae Florentinae et Clementino-Vaticanae et Bodleianae Oxoniensis primum edita et annotationibus illustrata, Vratislaviae 1852.
• The Laughable Stories of Bar-Hebraeus, 1897 tr. by E.A.W. Budge, at sacred-texts

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