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Grey-and-white tyrannulet
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Tyrannidae
Genus:	Pseudelaenia W. Lanyon, 1988
Species:	P. leucospodia
Binomial name
Pseudelaenia leucospodia (Taczanowski, 1877)
Synonyms
Elainea leucospodia Myiopagis leucospodia Phaeomyias leucospodia

The grey-and-white tyrannulet (Pseudelaenia leucospodia) is a species of bird in the family Tyrannidae, the tyrant flycatchers. It is found in Ecuador and Peru.

Taxonomy and systematics

The grey-and-white tyrannulet was originally described as Elainea leucospodia. Later authors placed it in genera Phaeomyias or Myiopagis, and its original genus was later spelled "Elaenia". A 1986 publication proposed the monotypic genus Pseudelaenia for it. A genetic study published in 2009 confirmed that it belonged there and was not closely related to any of its former genera.

The grey-and-white tyrannulet is monotypic. Some authors suggest that the population in southwestern Ecuador should be treated as subspecies P. l. cinereifrons but it probably cannot be distinguished from the Peruvian population.

Description

The grey-and-white tyrannulet is about 12.5 cm (4.9 in) long and weighs 10 to 11 g (0.35 to 0.39 oz). The sexes have the same plumage. Adults have a pale grayish brown crown with a shaggy crest whose white center is exposed when erect. They have a white supercilium and a black line through the eye on an otherwise grayish white face. Their upperparts are pale grayish brown and their tail gray. Their wings are dusky with narrow white edges on the flight feathers and coverts; they show as wing bars on the latter. Their underparts are mostly whitish with a gray tinge on the flanks and a creamy tinge on the belly. Both sexes have a dark brown iris, a brownish black bill with a pinkish base to the mandible, and gray legs and feet. Juveniles have less white in their crown than adults.

Distribution and habitat

The grey-and-white tyrannulet has a disjunct distribution It is found in southwestern Ecuador on the Isla de la Plata and Isla Puná, on the mainland in Guayas and Loja provinces, and with a single record in Manabí Province. In Peru it is found in the northwest between Tumbes and Ancash departments. It inhabits arid scrublands, brushy riparian areas, and dry forest. In elevation it occurs from sea level to 100 m (300 ft) in Ecuador and to 800 m (2,600 ft) in Peru.

Behavior

Movement

The grey-and-white tyrannulet is a year-round resident.

Feeding

The grey-and-white tyrannulet feeds on insects. It forages singly or in pairs, usually near the tops of shrubs. It takes prey by gleaning while perched and by while briefly hovering after a short flight.

Breeding

The grey-and-white tyrannulet breeds between February and April and often has two broods. Its nest is a deep barrel-shaped cup felted from plant down. It is placed on a branch near the trunk of a thickly branched tree between about 2 and 7 m (7 and 23 ft) above the ground. The clutch is usually three eggs though occasionally two. The incubation period is 16 days and fledging occurs 15 to 17 days after hatch.

Vocalization

The grey-and-white tyrannulet's dawn song is "a squeaky pit'i'pew or sneezy pit'chew interspersed with a rising weee-wit" and its call is "a squeaky, nasal tchuEE? or tchu'bit".

Status

The IUCN has assessed the grey-and-white tyrannulet as being of Least Concern. It has a large range; its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified. In Ecuador it is considered generally local but abundant on Isla de la Plata and fairly common in Guayas. In Peru it is considered fairly common. It occurs in one protected area in Peru. "Arid habitats within Tumbesian region are adversely affected by cattle grazing and agriculture in valley bottoms, but in general remain in reasonable condition."

References

1. ^ BirdLife International (2024). "Grey-and-white Tyrannulet Pseudelaenia leucospodia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024: e.T22699251A263706423. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
2. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2024). "Tyrant flycatchers". IOC World Bird List. v 14.2. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
3. Taczanowski, Władysław (1877). "Liste des Oiseaux recueillis en 1876, an Nord du Perou par MM. Jelski et Stolznann". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1877:Jan.-Apr.: 325–326.
4. Lanyon, Wesley E. (1988). "A phylogeny of the thirty-two genera in the Elaenia assemblage of tyrant flycatchers". American Museum Novitates (2914): 1–57. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
5. Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 28 September 2024. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved September 29, 2024
6. Tello, J.G., R.G. Moyle, D.J. Marchese, and J. Cracraft. 2009. "Phylogeny and phylogenetic classification of the tyrant flycatchers, cotingas, manakins, and their allies" (Aves: Tyrannides). Cladistics 25:429–467.
7. ^ Fitzpatrick, J. W. (2020). Gray-and-white Tyrannulet (Pseudelaenia leucospodia), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.gawtyr2.01 retrieved October 30, 2024
8. ^ Ridgely, Robert S.; Greenfield, Paul J. (2001). The Birds of Ecuador: Field Guide. Vol. II. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp. 460–461. ISBN 978-0-8014-8721-7.
9. ^ Schulenberg, T.S.; Stotz, D.F.; Lane, D.F.; O'Neill, J.P.; Parker, T.A. III (2010). Birds of Peru. Princeton Field Guides (revised and updated ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 416. ISBN 978-0691130231.
10. Solano-Ugalde, A., Arcos-Torres, A. and Toapanta Ruperti, C. (2008). "New and noteworthy records for Tumbesian birds in Ecuador". Cotinga 29:69–71.

v t e Genera of passerines and their extinct allies
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Clade: Psittacopasseres Order: Passeriformes
Passeriformes incertae sedis †Corvitalusoides †Jamna †Winnicavis †Yunnanus Acanthisitti Acanthisittidae Acanthisitta †Dendroscansor †Kuiornis †Pachyplichas †Traversia Xenicus Eupasseres Tyranni †Crosnoornis †Wieslochia Eurylaimides Calyptomenidae Calyptomena Smithornis Eurylaimidae Corydon Cymbirhynchus Eurylaimus Psarisomus Pseudocalyptomena Sarcophanops Serilophus Philepittidae Neodrepanis Philepitta Pittidae Erythropitta Hydrornis Pitta Sapayoidae Sapayoa Tyrannides See below ↓ Passeri See below ↓
Tyrannides Conopophagidae Cephalopterus Conopophaga Pittasoma Cotingidae Ampelioides Ampelion Carpodectes Carpornis Conioptilon Cotinga Doliornis Gymnoderus Haematoderus Lipaugus Querula Perissocephalus Phibalura Phoenicircus Phytotoma Pipreola Porphyrolaema Procnias Pyroderus Rupicola Snowornis Xipholena Zaratornis Formicariidae Chamaeza Formicarius Furnariidae Berlepschia †Pseudoseisuropsis Sclerurinae Geositta Sclerurus Dendrocolaptinae Dendrocolaptini Campylorhamphus Dendrexetastes Dendrocolaptes Dendroplex Drymornis Drymotoxeres Glyphorynchus Hylexetastes Lepidocolaptes Nasica Xiphocolaptes Xiphorhynchus Sittasomini Certhiasomus Dendrocincla Deconychura Sittasomus Furnariinae Xenops Pygarrhichini Microxenops Ochetorhynchus Pygarrhichas Furnariini Cinclodes Furnarius Geocerthia Limnornis Lochmias Phleocryptes Premnornis Pseudocolaptes Tarphonomus Upucerthia Philydorini Anabacerthia Anabazenops Ancistrops Automolus Cichlocolaptes Clibanornis Dendroma Heliobletus Megaxenops Philydor Syndactyla Thripadectes Synallaxini Acrobatornis Anumbius Aphrastura Asthenes Certhiaxis Coryphistera Cranioleuca Hellmayrea Leptasthenura Limnoctites Margarornis Mazaria Metopothrix Phacellodomus Premnoplex Pseudasthenes Pseudoseisura Roraimia Schoeniophylax Siptornis Spartonoica Sylviorthorhynchus Synallaxis Thripophaga Xenerpestes Grallariidae Cryptopezus Grallaria Grallaricula Hylopezus Myrmothera Melanopareiidae Melanopareia Pipridae Ceratopipra Chiroxiphia Chloropipo Corapipo Cryptopipo Heterocercus Ilicura Lepidothrix Machaeropterus Manacus Masius Neopelma Pipra Pseudopipra Tyranneutes Xenopipo Rhinocryptidae Acropternis Eleoscytalopus Eugralla Liosceles Merulaxis Myornis Psilorhamphus Pteroptochos Rhinocrypta Scelorchilus Scytalopus Teledromas Thamnophilidae Euchrepomidinae Euchrepomis Myrmornithinae Myrmornis Pygiptila Thamnistes Thamnophilinae Formicivorini Formicivora Myrmochanes Myrmotherula Terenura Microrhopiini Ammonastes Aprositornis Clytoctantes Epinecrophylla Microrhopias Myrmophylax Myrmorchilus Neoctantes Pithyini Cercomacra Cercomacroides Drymophila Gymnopithys Hypocnemis Oneillornis Phaenostictus Phlegopsis Pithys Rhegmatorhina Sciaphylax Willisornis Pyriglenini Akletos Ampelornis Gymnocichla Hafferia Hylophylax Hypocnemoides Myrmeciza Myrmelastes Myrmoborus Myrmoderus Percnostola Poliocrania Pyriglena Rhopornis Sclateria Sipia Thamnophilini Batara Biatas Cymbilaimus Dichrozona Dysithamnus Frederickena Herpsilochmus Hypoedaleus Isleria Mackenziaena Megastictus Radinopsyche Rhopias Sakesphoroides Sakesphorus Taraba Thamnomanes Thamnophilus Xenornis Tityridae Iodopleura Laniisoma Laniocera Myiobius Onychorhynchus Oxyruncus Pachyramphus Schiffornis Terenotriccus Tityra Xenopsaris Tyrannidae Agriornis Alectrurus Anairetes Aphanotriccus Arundinicola Atalotriccus Attila Calyptura Camptostoma Capsiempis Casiornis Cnemarchus Cnemotriccus Cnipodectes Colonia Colorhamphus Conopias Contopus Corythopis Culicivora Elaenia Empidonax Empidonomus Euscarthmus Fluvicola Griseotyrannus Gubernetes Guyramemua Hemitriccus Heteroxolmis Hirundinea Hymenops Inezia Knipolegus Lathrotriccus Legatus Lessonia Leptopogon Lophotriccus Machetornis Mecocerculus Megarynchus Mionectes Mitrephanes Muscigralla Muscipipra Muscisaxicola Myiarchus Myiodynastes Myiopagis Myiophobus Myiornis Myiotheretes Myiotriccus Myiozetetes Nengetus Neopipo Neoxolmis Nephelomyias Nesotriccus Ochthoeca Ochthornis Oncostoma Ornithion Phelpsia Philohydor Phyllomyias Phylloscartes Piprites Pitangus Platyrinchus Poecilotriccus Pogonotriccus Polystictus Pseudelaenia Pseudocolopteryx Pseudotriccus Pyrocephalus Pyrope Pyrrhomyias Ramphotrigon Rhynchocyclus Rhytipterna Satrapa Sayornis Serpophaga Silvicultrix Sirystes Stigmatura Sublegatus Suiriri Syrtidicola Tachuris Taeniotriccus Todirostrum Tolmomyias Tumbezia Tyrannopsis Tyrannulus Tyrannus Uromyias Xenotriccus Xolmis Zimmerius
Passeri †Resoviaornis Acanthizidae Acanthiza Acanthornis Aethomyias Aphelocephala Calamanthus Gerygone Hylacola Neosericornis Oreoscopus Origma Pachycare Pycnoptilus Pyrrholaemus Sericornis Smicrornis Atrichornithidae Atrichornis Callaeidae Callaeas †Heteralocha Philesturnus Climacteridae Climacteris Cormobates Cnemophilidae Cnemophilus Loboparadisea Dasyornithidae Dasyornis Maluridae Amytornithinae Amytornis Malurinae Malurini Chenorhamphus Clytomyias Malurus Sipodotus Stipiturini Stipiturus Melanocharitidae Melanocharis Oedistoma Rhamphocharis Toxorhamphus Meliphagidae Acanthagenys Acanthorhynchus Anthochaera Anthornis Ashbyia Bolemoreus Caligavis Certhionyx Cissomela Conopophila Entomyzon Epthianura Foulehaio Gavicalis Gliciphila Glycichaera Glycifohia Grantiella Guadalcanaria Gymnomyza Lichenostomus Lichmera Macgregoria Manorina Meliarchus Melidectes Melilestes Melionyx Meliphacator Meliphaga Melipotes Melithreptus Melitograis Microptilotis Myza Myzomela Nesoptilotis Oreornis Plectorhyncha Philemon Phylidonyris Ptiloprora Ptilotula Prosthemadera Purnella Pycnopygius Ramsayornis Stomiopera Stresemannia Sugomel Territornis Timeliopsis Trichodere Vosea Xanthotis Menuridae Menura Notiomystidae Notiomystis Orthonychidae Orthonyx †Palaeoscinidae Palaeoscinis Pardalotidae Pardalotus Pomatostomidae Garritornis Pomatostomus Ptilonorhynchidae Ailuroedus Amblyornis Archboldia Chlamydera Prionodura Ptilonorhynchus Scenopoeetes †Sericuloides Sericulus Corvides See Corvides Passerida See Passerida

• IUCN Red List least concern species
• Tyrannidae
• Birds of Tumbes
• Birds described in 1877
• Taxa named by Władysław Taczanowski