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H2AZ1
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 1F66, 3WA9, 4CAY, 4NFT, 5FUG, 5CHL
Identifiers
Aliases	H2AZ1, H2A.Z-1, H2A.z, H2A/z, H2AZ, H2A histone family member Z, H2A.Z variant histone 1, H2AFZ
External IDs	OMIM: 142763; MGI: 1888388; HomoloGene: 80218; GeneCards: H2AZ1; OMA:H2AZ1 - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 4 (human) Band 4q23 Start 99,948,086 bp End 99,950,355 bp
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 3 (mouse) Band 3|3 G3 Start 137,570,248 bp End 137,572,683 bp
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in ventricular zone embryo ganglionic eminence gingival epithelium palpebral conjunctiva germinal epithelium trabecular bone human penis epithelium of nasopharynx mucosa of transverse colon Top expressed in ventricular zone tail of embryo blastocyst embryo genital tubercle thymus embryo spermatocyte epiblast neural tube More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function nucleosomal DNA binding RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding DNA binding chromatin DNA binding protein binding RNA polymerase II core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding protein heterodimerization activity Cellular component nucleosome extracellular exosome Barr body nucleus chromosome Biological process cellular response to estradiol stimulus positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II chromatin organization Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 3015 51788 Ensembl ENSG00000164032 ENSMUSG00000037894 UniProt P0C0S5 P0C0S6 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_002106 NM_016750 NM_001316995 RefSeq (protein) NP_002097 NP_001303924 NP_058030 Location (UCSC) Chr 4: 99.95 – 99.95 Mb Chr 3: 137.57 – 137.57 Mb PubMed search
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Histone H2A.Z is a protein encoded by the H2AZ1 gene in humans.

Function

Histones are basic nuclear proteins that are responsible for the nucleosome structure of the chromosomal fiber in eukaryotes. Nucleosomes consist of approximately 146 base pairs(bp) of DNA wrapped around a histone octamer, which includes pairs of each of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4). The chromatin fiber is further compacted by the interaction of a linker histone, H1, with the DNA between the nucleosomes to form higher order chromatin structures. The H2AFZ gene encodes a replication-independent member of the histone H2A family that is distinct from other members of the family.

Biological Importance

Studies in mice have shown that this particular histone is required for embryonic development and indicate that lack of functional histone H2A leads to embryonic lethality.

Histone H2AZ is a variant of histone H2A, and is used to mediate the thermosensory response, and is essential to perceive the ambient temperature. Nucleosome occupancy of H2A.Z decreases with temperature, and in vitro assays show that H2A.Z-containing nucleosomes wrap DNA more tightly than canonical H2A nucleosomes in Arabidopsis.(Cell 140: 136–147, 2010) However, some of the other studies (Nat. Genet. 41, 941–945 and Genes Dev., 21, 1519–1529) have shown that incorporation of H2A.Z in nucleosomes, when it co-occurs with H3.3, makes them weaker.

Gene Expression and Chromatin Structure

The positioning of H2A.Z containing nucleosomes around transcription start sites has been shown to affect the downstream gene expression. Recent evidence also points to a role for H2A.Z in repressing a subset of ncRNAs, derepressing CUTs, as well as mediation higher order chromatin structure formation.

References

1. ^ GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000164032 – Ensembl, May 2017
2. ^ GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000037894 – Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. Hatch CL, Bonner WM (Oct 1990). "The human histone H2A.Z gene. Sequence and regulation". J Biol Chem. 265 (25): 15211–8. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)77243-8. PMID 1697587.
6. ^ "Entrez Gene: H2AFZ H2A histone family, member Z".
7. Bargaje R., Alam P., Patowary A., Sarkar M., Ali T., Gupta S., Garg M., Singh M., Purkanti R., Scaria V., Sivasubbu S., Brahmachari V., Pillai B. (2012) Proximity of H2A.Z containing nucleosome to the transcription start site influences gene expression levels in the mammalian liver and brain. Nucleic Acids Research (Epub ahead of print)Bargaje R, Alam MP, Patowary A, et al. (October 2012). "Proximity of H2A.Z containing nucleosome to the transcription start site influences gene expression levels in the mammalian liver and brain". Nucleic Acids Research. 40 (18): 8965–78. doi:10.1093/nar/gks665. PMC 3467062. PMID 22821566.
8. Rege M (2015). "Chromatin Dynamics and the RNA Exosome Function in Concert to Regulate Transcriptional Homeostasis". Cell Reports. 13 (8): 1610–1622. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.10.030. PMC 4662874. PMID 26586442.

Further reading

• Jason LJ, Moore SC, Lewis JD, et al. (2002). "Histone ubiquitination: a tagging tail unfolds?". BioEssays. 24 (2): 166–74. doi:10.1002/bies.10038. PMID 11835281. S2CID 39905043.
• Hatch CL, Bonner WM (1988). "Sequence of cDNAs for mammalian H2A.Z, an evolutionarily diverged but highly conserved basal histone H2A isoprotein species". Nucleic Acids Res. 16 (3): 1113–24. doi:10.1093/nar/16.3.1113. PMC 334740. PMID 3344202.
• Kato S, Sekine S, Oh SW, et al. (1995). "Construction of a human full-length cDNA bank". Gene. 150 (2): 243–50. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90433-2. PMID 7821789.
• Hatch CL, Bonner WM (1995). "Characterization of the proximal promoter of the human histone H2A.Z gene". DNA Cell Biol. (Submitted manuscript). 14 (3): 257–66. doi:10.1089/dna.1995.14.257. PMID 7880446.
• Popescu N, Zimonjic D, Hatch C, Bonner W (1994). "Chromosomal mapping of the human histone gene H2AZ to 4q24 by fluorescence in situ hybridization". Genomics (Submitted manuscript). 20 (2): 333–5. doi:10.1006/geno.1994.1182. PMID 8020992.
• Hatch CL, Bonner WM (1996). "An upstream region of the H2AZ gene promoter modulates promoter activity in different cell types". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1305 (1–2): 59–62. doi:10.1016/0167-4781(95)00223-5. PMID 8605251.
• El Kharroubi A, Piras G, Zensen R, Martin MA (1998). "Transcriptional Activation of the Integrated Chromatin-Associated Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Promoter". Mol. Cell. Biol. 18 (5): 2535–44. doi:10.1128/mcb.18.5.2535. PMC 110633. PMID 9566873.
• Slachta CA, Jeevanandam V, Goldman B, et al. (2000). "Coronary arteries from human cardiac allografts with chronic rejection contain oligoclonal T cells: persistence of identical clonally expanded TCR transcripts from the early post-transplantation period (endomyocardial biopsies) to chronic rejection (coronary arteries)". J. Immunol. 165 (6): 3469–83. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.165.6.3469. PMID 10975868.
• Pasqualucci L, Neri A, Baldini L, et al. (2000). "BCL-6 mutations are associated with immunoglobulin variable heavy chain mutations in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia". Cancer Res. 60 (20): 5644–8. PMID 11059755.
• Deng L, de la Fuente C, Fu P, et al. (2001). "Acetylation of HIV-1 Tat by CBP/P300 increases transcription of integrated HIV-1 genome and enhances binding to core histones". Virology. 277 (2): 278–95. doi:10.1006/viro.2000.0593. PMID 11080476.
• Suto RK, Clarkson MJ, Tremethick DJ, Luger K (2001). "Crystal structure of a nucleosome core particle containing the variant histone H2A.Z". Nat. Struct. Biol. 7 (12): 1121–4. doi:10.1038/81971. PMID 11101893. S2CID 5966635.
• Bräuninger A, Yang W, Wacker HH, et al. (2001). "B-cell development in progressively transformed germinal centers: similarities and differences compared with classical germinal centers and lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin disease". Blood. 97 (3): 714–9. doi:10.1182/blood.V97.3.714. PMID 11157489.
• Yamamoto K, Sugita N, Kobayashi T, et al. (2001). "Evidence for a novel polymorphism affecting both N-linked glycosylation and ligand binding of the IgG receptor IIIB (CD16)". Tissue Antigens. 57 (4): 363–6. doi:10.1034/j.1399-0039.2001.057004363.x. PMID 11380948.
• Faast R, Thonglairoam V, Schulz TC, et al. (2001). "Histone variant H2A.Z is required for early mammalian development". Curr. Biol. 11 (15): 1183–7. Bibcode:2001CBio...11.1183F. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00329-3. PMID 11516949.
• Deng L, Wang D, de la Fuente C, et al. (2001). "Enhancement of the p300 HAT activity by HIV-1 Tat on chromatin DNA". Virology. 289 (2): 312–26. doi:10.1006/viro.2001.1129. PMID 11689053.
• Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.
• Rangasamy D, Berven L, Ridgway P, Tremethick DJ (2003). "Pericentric heterochromatin becomes enriched with H2A.Z during early mammalian development". EMBO J. 22 (7): 1599–607. doi:10.1093/emboj/cdg160. PMC 152904. PMID 12660166.
• Lusic M, Marcello A, Cereseto A, Giacca M (2004). "Regulation of HIV-1 gene expression by histone acetylation and factor recruitment at the LTR promoter". EMBO J. 22 (24): 6550–61. doi:10.1093/emboj/cdg631. PMC 291826. PMID 14657027.

External links

• PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Histone H2A.Z

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