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Practice torpedo is loaded onto P311 at the Holy Loch, Scotland, 1942
History
United Kingdom
Name	HMS P311
Ordered	11 June 1931
Builder	Vickers Armstrong, Barrow
Laid down	25 April 1941
Launched	5 March 1942
Commissioned	7 August 1942
Fate	Sunk 8 January 1943
Badge
General characteristics
Displacement	1,290 tons surfaced 1,560 tons submerged
Length	276 ft 6 in (84.28 m)
Beam	25 ft 6 in (7.77 m)
Draught	12 ft 9 in (3.89 m) forward 14 ft 7 in (4.45 m) aft
Propulsion	Two shafts Twin diesel engines 2,500 hp (1.86 MW) each Twin electric motors 1,450 hp (1.08 MW) each
Speed	15.5 knots (28.7 km/h) surfaced 9 knots (20 km/h) submerged
Range	4,500 nautical miles at 11 knots (8,330 km at 20 km/h) surfaced
Test depth	300 ft (91 m)
Complement	61
Armament	6 internal forward-facing 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes 2 external forward-facing torpedo tubes 2 external amidships rear-facing torpedo tubes 1 external rear-facing torpedo tubes 6 reload torpedoes 1 x 4-inch (102 mm) deck gun

HMS P311 was a T-class submarine of the Royal Navy, the only boat of her class never to be given a name. She was to have received the name Tutankhamen but was lost before this was formally done. P311 was a Group 3 T-class boat built by Vickers-Armstrong at Barrow-in-Furness and commissioned on 5 March 1942 under the command of Lieutenant R.D. Cayley. She was one of only two T-class submarines completed without an Oerlikon 20 mm anti-aircraft gun, the other being HMS Trespasser.

Naming

The prime minister, Winston Churchill had minuted the Admiralty on 5 November 1942, 19 December, and again on 27 December, saying that all submarines should have names. In the last he provided a list of suggestions and insisted that all unnamed submarines be given names within a fortnight. P311 was to be assigned the name Tutankhamen, after the Egyptian king. She would have been the only vessel of the Royal Navy, before or since, to bear the name. She was lost in the Mediterranean between late December 1942 or early January 1943, before the new name could be formally assigned. She therefore never received the name Tutankhamen, and is officially designated as P311.

Career

She joined the 10th Submarine Flotilla at Malta in November 1942, and was lost with all hands between 30 December 1942 and 8 January 1943 whilst en route to La Maddalena, Sardinia, where she was to attack two Italian 8-inch gun cruisers, the Gorizia and the Trieste, using chariot manned torpedoes carried on the casing as part of Operation Principal. The submarine sent her final received signal on 31 December 1942, from position 38º10'N, 11º30'E. She was reported overdue on 8 January 1943 when she failed to return to base. It is presumed that she was sunk by Italian mines in the approaches to Maddalena on or around 2 January 1943.

Wreck discovery

In late May 2016 the Royal Navy announced that it was investigating a wreck found close to Tavolara Island by diver Massimo Domenico Bondone on 21 May 2016 which Bondone had identified as P311. Bondone reported that he made the identification based on the wreck having two chariots strapped to her hull. The bodies of the 71 crew members and chariot operators who perished are reported still on board, believed to have died of suffocation. The vessel is reported as being in good condition and pictures have been released of the underwater wreck. It is reported that only the bow is seriously damaged due to the mine explosion which sank her.

See also

• British commando frogmen

References

1. "warfarehistorynetwork.co, Manned Submarines: Italy's Daredevil Torpedo Riders, 26 August 2015". Archived from the original on 15 December 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
2. Human torpedo
3. ^ HMS P311, Uboat.net
4. ^ "Tavolara, a cento metri di profondità sommergibile 'fantasma' inglese". Repubblica.it (in Italian). 24 May 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
5. ^ Vogt, Andrea (25 May 2016). "Legendary wreck of British Second World War submarine found off Sardinian coast". The Telegraph. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
6. "Lost World War Two submarine claim investigated by Royal Navy". BBC News. 26 May 2016.
7. "WWII submarine with 71 bodies inside found off Sardinian coast". metro.co.uk. 25 May 2016.
8. "HMS P311 Pictures". International Business Times. 25 May 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
9. "Lost WWII Submarine HMS P311 Found With 71 Bodies On Board". War History Online. 26 May 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.

• Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) . Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy (Rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8.
• Hutchinson, Robert (2001). Jane's Submarines: War Beneath the Waves from 1776 to the Present Day. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-710558-8. OCLC 53783010.

v t e T-class submarines
Royal Navy	1st Group Taku Talisman Tarpon Tetrarch Thetis Thistle Thunderbolt Tigris Torbay Triad Tribune Trident Triton Triumph Truant Tuna 2nd Group Tempest Thorn Thrasher Traveller Trooper Trusty Turbulent 3rd Group P311 Tabard Taciturn Tactician Talent (P322) Talent (P337) Tally-Ho Tantalus Tantivy Tapir Tarn Taurus Telemachus Templar Teredo Terrapin Thermopylae Thorough Thule Tiptoe Tireless Token Totem Tradewind Trenchant Trespasser Truculent Trump Truncheon Tudor Turpin Cancelled Thor Tiara Theban Threat Talent (P343)
Israeli Navy	Dakar (ex-Totem) Dolphin (ex-Truncheon) Leviathan (ex-Turpin)
Royal Netherlands Navy Zwaardvisch class	Dolfijn (ex-Taurus) Tijgerhaai (ex-Tarn) Zeehond (ex-Tapir) Zwaardvisch (ex-Talent)
Preceded by: Grampus class Followed by: U class
List of submarines of the Royal Navy List of submarine classes of the Royal Navy

v t e Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in December 1942
Shipwrecks	1 Dec: HMAS Armidale 2 Dec: Lupo, HMS Quentin 3 Dec: Empire Dabchick, HMS Penylan 4 Dec: Muzio Attendolo, HMS Traveller 6 Dec: USS Grebe 7 Dec: Ceramic 8 Dec: U-254, U-611 9 Dec: I-3, HMS Marigold 11 Dec: HMS Blean 12 Dec: HMS P222, Teruzuki 14 Dec: Canberra Maru 15 Dec: U-626 16 Dec: USS S-49 17 Dec: HMS Firedrake 18 Dec: HMS Partridge, Tenryū 21 Dec: I-4 23 Dec: Sperrbrecher 138 25 Dec: HMS P48 26 Dec: U-357 27 Dec: U-336 28 Dec: Choyo Maru 29 Dec: USS Wasmuth 30 Dec: HMS Fidelity 31 Dec: HMS Achates, HMS Bramble, Friedrich Eckoldt, USS Rescuer Unknown date: HMS P311
Other incidents	7 Dec: USS R-16 9 Dec: HMS Porcupine 12 Dec: Empire Centaur, Tannenfels 14 Dec: HMS Argonaut 19 Dec: Donau 21 Dec: USS S-35 25 Dec: Nankai Maru, Uzuki
1941 1942 1943 November 1942 January 1943

• British T-class submarines of the Royal Navy
• Ships built in Barrow-in-Furness
• 1942 ships
• World War II submarines of the United Kingdom
• Ships sunk by mines
• Lost submarines of the United Kingdom
• World War II shipwrecks in the Mediterranean Sea
• Maritime incidents in December 1942
• Missing submarines of World War II