| MIME / IANA | HZ-GB-2312 |
|---|---|
| Language(s) | Simplified Chinese, English, Russian |
| Created by | Fung Fung Lee |
| Standard | RFC 1843 |
| Classification | CJK encoding, ASCII armor, variable-width encoding, stateful encoding |
| Transforms / Encodes | GB 2312 |
| Preceded by | zW |
| Succeeded by | Quoted-printable, UTF-7, 8BITMIME |
The HZ character encoding is an encoding of GB 2312 that was formerly commonly used in email and USENET postings. It was designed in 1989 by Fung Fung Lee (Chinese: 李楓峰) of Stanford University, and subsequently codified in 1995 into RFC 1843.
The HZ, short for Hanzi (simplified Chinese: 汉字; traditional Chinese: 漢字; lit. 'Chinese Characters'), encoding was invented to facilitate the use of Chinese characters through e-mail, which at that time only allowed 7-bit characters. Therefore, in lieu of standard ISO 2022 escape sequences (as in the case of ISO-2022-JP) or 8-bit characters (as in the case of EUC), the HZ code uses only printable, 7-bit characters to represent Chinese characters.
It was also popular in USENET networks, which in the late 1980s and early 1990s, generally did not allow transmission of 8-bit characters or escape characters.
History
HZ superseded the earlier "zW" encoding, which marked entire lines as being GB 2312 text by beginning them with the characters zW.
Structure and use
In the HZ encoding system, the character sequences "~{" and "~}" act as escape sequences; anything between them is interpreted as Chinese encoded in GB 2312 (the most significant bits are ignored). Outside the escape sequences, characters are assumed to be ASCII.
An example will help illustrate the relationship between GB 2312, EUC-CN, and the HZ code:
| Form | Code | With escape sequences | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kuten / Qūwèi / 区位 form | 5027 | — | Zone/ward/row (ku/qū/区) 50, point (ten/wèi/位) 27 |
| ISO 2022 form | 5216 3B16 | 0E16 5216 3B16 0F16 | 50 + 32 = 82 = 5216 |
| EUC-CN form | D216 BB16 | D216 BB16 | 5216 ∨ 8016 = D216 |
| HZ form (standard) | 5216 3B16 | 7E16 7B16 5216 3B16 7E16 7D16 | Appears as ~{R;~} without HZ decoder |
| HZ form (alternate) | D216 BB16 | 7E16 7B16 D216 BB16 7E16 7D16 | EUC form acceptable to at least some decoders |
HZ was originally designed to be used purely as a 7-bit code. However, when situations allow, the escape sequences "~{" and "~}" sometimes surround characters represented in EUC-CN; this alternative use allows Chinese to be readable either with the help of HZ decoder software, or with a system that understands EUC-CN.
Additionally, the specification defines that:
- the sequence "~~" is to be treated as encoding a single ASCII "~" and,
- the character "~" followed by a newline is to be discarded.
However, not all HZ decoders follow these two rules.
HZ encoders and decoders
The first HZ encoder and decoder were written in 1989 by the code's inventor for the Unix operating system.
The hztty program, also for the Unix operating system, was also among the first and one of the most popular HZ decoders. It deviates from the specification in that it will display the escape sequences (i.e., "~{" and "~}"), and it does not treat "~~" and "~" followed by a newline specially. This was probably to allow software which assumes one character to occupy one screen position (on a text screen) to function correctly without modification.
Support on Microsoft Windows came later, and a number of third-party "Chinese systems" support HZ. These systems may provide an option to hide the escape sequences.
Disadvantages
Because of its escape sequences, and furthermore because its escape delimiters are printable characters in ASCII, it is fairly easy to construct attack byte sequences that round-trip from HZ to Unicode and back. Use of HZ encoding is thus treated as suspicious by malware protection suites.
References
- "HZ — A Data Format for Exchanging Files of Arbitrarily Mixed Chinese and ASCII Characters". Archived from the original on 2005-10-27.
- RFC 1843
- Lunde, Ken (1995-12-18). "CJK.INF Version 1.9".
- "HZ package 2.0 — HZ spec, reference encoder and decoder source code".
- "935453 - Gather telemetry about HZ and other encodings we might try to remove". Archived from the original on 2017-05-19. Retrieved 2018-06-18.
| Character encodings | |
|---|---|
| Early telecommunications | |
| ISO/IEC 8859 |
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| Bibliographic use | |
| National standards | |
| ISO/IEC 2022 | |
| Mac OS Code pages ("scripts") | |
| DOS code pages | |
| IBM AIX code pages | |
| Windows code pages | |
| EBCDIC code pages | |
| DEC terminals (VTx) | |
| Platform specific |
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| Unicode / ISO/IEC 10646 | |
| TeX typesetting system | |
| Miscellaneous code pages | |
| Control character | |
| Related topics | |
 Character sets | |