Misplaced Pages

Harmonic polynomial

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Polynomial whose Laplacian is zero

In mathematics, a polynomial p {\displaystyle p} whose Laplacian is zero is termed a harmonic polynomial.

The harmonic polynomials form a subspace of the vector space of polynomials over the given field. In fact, they form a graded subspace. For the real field ( R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } ), the harmonic polynomials are important in mathematical physics.

The Laplacian is the sum of second-order partial derivatives with respect to each of the variables, and is an invariant differential operator under the action of the orthogonal group via the group of rotations.

The standard separation of variables theorem states that every multivariate polynomial over a field can be decomposed as a finite sum of products of a radial polynomial and a harmonic polynomial. This is equivalent to the statement that the polynomial ring is a free module over the ring of radial polynomials.

Examples

Consider a degree- d {\displaystyle d} univariate polynomial p ( x ) := ∑ k = 0 d a k x k {\displaystyle p(x):=\textstyle \sum _{k=0}^{d}a_{k}x^{k}} . In order to be harmonic, this polynomial must satisfy

Real harmonic polynomials in two variables, up to degree 6.
Real harmonic polynomials in two variables up to degree 6, graphed over the unit disk.

0 = ∂ 2 ∂ x 2 p ( x ) = ∑ k = 2 d k ( k − 1 ) a k x k − 2 {\displaystyle 0={\tfrac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial x^{2}}}p(x)=\sum _{k=2}^{d}k(k-1)a_{k}x^{k-2}} at all points x ∈ R {\displaystyle x\in \mathbb {R} } . In particular, when d = 2 {\displaystyle d=2} , we have a polynomial p ( x ) = a 0 + a 1 x + a 2 x 2 {\displaystyle p(x)=a_{0}+a_{1}x+a_{2}x^{2}} , which must satisfy the condition a 2 = 0 {\displaystyle a_{2}=0} . Hence, the only harmonic polynomials of one (real) variable are affine functions x ↦ a 0 + a 1 x {\displaystyle x\mapsto a_{0}+a_{1}x} .

In the multivariable case, one finds nontrivial spaces of harmonic polynomials. Consider for instance the bivariate quadratic polynomial p ( x , y ) := a 0 , 0 + a 1 , 0 x + a 0 , 1 y + a 1 , 1 x y + a 2 , 0 x 2 + a 0 , 2 y 2 , {\displaystyle p(x,y):=a_{0,0}+a_{1,0}x+a_{0,1}y+a_{1,1}xy+a_{2,0}x^{2}+a_{0,2}y^{2},} where a 0 , 0 , a 1 , 0 , a 0 , 1 , a 1 , 1 , a 2 , 0 , a 0 , 2 {\displaystyle a_{0,0},a_{1,0},a_{0,1},a_{1,1},a_{2,0},a_{0,2}} are real coefficients. The Laplacian of this polynomial is given by Δ p ( x , y ) = ∂ 2 ∂ x 2 p ( x , y ) + ∂ 2 ∂ y 2 p ( x , y ) = 2 ( a 2 , 0 + a 0 , 2 ) . {\displaystyle \Delta p(x,y)={\tfrac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial x^{2}}}p(x,y)+{\tfrac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial y^{2}}}p(x,y)=2(a_{2,0}+a_{0,2}).}

Hence, in order for p ( x , y ) {\displaystyle p(x,y)} to be harmonic, its coefficients need only satisfy the relationship a 2 , 0 = − a 0 , 2 {\displaystyle a_{2,0}=-a_{0,2}} . Equivalently, all (real) quadratic bivariate harmonic polynomials are linear combinations of the polynomials 1 , x , y , x y , x 2 − y 2 . {\displaystyle 1,\quad x,\quad y,\quad xy,\quad x^{2}-y^{2}.}

Note that, as in any vector space, there are other choices of basis for this same space of polynomials.

A basis for real bivariate harmonic polynomials up to degree 6 is given as follows: ϕ 0 ( x , y ) = 1 ϕ 1 , 1 ( x , y ) = x ϕ 1 , 2 ( x , y ) = y ϕ 2 , 1 ( x , y ) = x y ϕ 2 , 2 ( x , y ) = x 2 − y 2 ϕ 3 , 1 ( x , y ) = y 3 − 3 x 2 y ϕ 3 , 2 ( x , y ) = x 3 − 3 x y 2 ϕ 4 , 1 ( x , y ) = x 3 y − x y 3 ϕ 4 , 2 ( x , y ) = − x 4 + 6 x 2 y 2 − y 4 ϕ 5 , 1 ( x , y ) = 5 x 4 y − 10 x 2 y 3 + y 5 ϕ 5 , 2 ( x , y ) = x 5 − 10 x 3 y 2 + 5 x y 4 ϕ 6 , 1 ( x , y ) = 3 x 5 y − 10 x 3 y 3 + 3 x y 5 ϕ 6 , 2 ( x , y ) = − x 6 + 15 x 4 y 2 − 15 x 2 y 4 + y 6 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\phi _{0}(x,y)&=1\\\phi _{1,1}(x,y)&=x&\phi _{1,2}(x,y)&=y\\\phi _{2,1}(x,y)&=xy&\phi _{2,2}(x,y)&=x^{2}-y^{2}\\\phi _{3,1}(x,y)&=y^{3}-3x^{2}y&\phi _{3,2}(x,y)&=x^{3}-3xy^{2}\\\phi _{4,1}(x,y)&=x^{3}y-xy^{3}&\phi _{4,2}(x,y)&=-x^{4}+6x^{2}y^{2}-y^{4}\\\phi _{5,1}(x,y)&=5x^{4}y-10x^{2}y^{3}+y^{5}&\phi _{5,2}(x,y)&=x^{5}-10x^{3}y^{2}+5xy^{4}\\\phi _{6,1}(x,y)&=3x^{5}y-10x^{3}y^{3}+3xy^{5}&\phi _{6,2}(x,y)&=-x^{6}+15x^{4}y^{2}-15x^{2}y^{4}+y^{6}\end{aligned}}}

See also

References

  1. Walsh, J. L. (1927). "On the Expansion of Harmonic Functions in Terms of Harmonic Polynomials". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 13 (4): 175–180. Bibcode:1927PNAS...13..175W. doi:10.1073/pnas.13.4.175. PMC 1084921. PMID 16577046.
  2. Helgason, Sigurdur (2003). "Chapter III. Invariants and Harmonic Polynomials". Groups and Geometric Analysis: Integral Geometry, Invariant Differential Operators, and Spherical Functions. Mathematical Surveys and Monographs, vol. 83. American Mathematical Society. pp. 345–384. ISBN 9780821826737.
  3. Felder, Giovanni; Veselov, Alexander P. (2001). "Action of Coxeter groups on m-harmonic polynomials and KZ equations". arXiv:math/0108012.
  4. Sobolev, Sergeĭ Lʹvovich (2016). Partial Differential Equations of Mathematical Physics. International Series of Monographs in Pure and Applied Mathematics. Elsevier. pp. 401–408. ISBN 9781483181363.
  5. Whittaker, Edmund T. (1903). "On the partial differential equations of mathematical physics". Mathematische Annalen. 57 (3): 333–355. doi:10.1007/bf01444290. S2CID 122153032.
  6. Byerly, William Elwood (1893). "Chapter VI. Spherical Harmonics". An Elementary Treatise on Fourier's Series, and Spherical, Cylindrical, and Ellipsoidal Harmonics, with Applications to Problems in Mathematical Physics. Dover. pp. 195–218.
  7. Cf. Corollary 1.8 of Axler, Sheldon; Ramey, Wade (1995), Harmonic Polynomials and Dirichlet-Type Problems


Stub icon

This polynomial-related article is a stub. You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it.

Stub icon

This abstract algebra-related article is a stub. You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it.

Categories: