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Hartland Sweet Snyder (1913 – May 22, 1962) was an American physicist who, together with J. Robert Oppenheimer, showed how large stars would collapse to form black holes. This work modeled the gravitational collapse of a pressure-free homogeneous fluid sphere and found that it would be unable to communicate with the rest of the universe. This discovery was depicted in the movie Oppenheimer, where Snyder was portrayed by actor Rory Keane. Historian of physics David C. Cassidy assessed that this prediction of black holes might have won a Nobel Prize in Physics had the authors been alive in the 1990s when evidence was available.

Some publications Snyder authored together with Ernest Courant laid the foundations for the field of accelerator physics. In particular, Snyder with Courant and Milton Stanley Livingston developed the principle of strong focusing that made modern particle accelerators possible. The Courant–Snyder parameters, a method of characterizing the distribution of particles in a beam, were an important part of that contribution.

Life and Career

Snyder was born in Salt Lake City. He received a bachelor of science degree from the University of Utah in 1937, followed by a PhD from the University of California at Berkeley in 1940. His doctoral dissertation was supervised by Oppenheimer. He served on the physics faculty at Northwestern University from 1940 to 1947, then joined Brookhaven National Laboratory.

In 1954, Snyder bet against Maurice Goldhaber that antiprotons existed, and won.

Snyder died May 22, 1962 after a heart attack. When he died, he was on leave from his position as a senior physicist at Brookhaven National Laboratory while working at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory.

See also

• Noncommutative quantum field theory
• Quantum spacetime
• Timeline of gravitational physics and relativity

References

1. ^ "Hartland S. Snyder". Physics Today. 15 (7): 78. July 1962. doi:10.1063/1.3058300.
2. Bartels, Meghan (21 July 2023). "Oppenheimer Almost Discovered Black Holes Before He Became 'Destroyer of Worlds'". Scientific American. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
3. Oppenheimer, J. R.; Snyder, H. (1 September 1939). "On Continued Gravitational Contraction". Physical Review. 56 (5). American Physical Society (APS): 455–459. doi:10.1103/physrev.56.455. ISSN 0031-899X.
4. Thompson, David (29 July 2023). "Oppenheimer Cast: Every Celebrity & Actor In the Movie". The Direct. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
5. Hollywood movie aside, just how good a physicist was Oppenheimer? A-bomb architect "was no Einstein", historian says, but he did Nobel-level work on black holes, Adrian Cho interviewing David C. Cassidy, Science (journal), 2023-07-17
6. Courant, E. D.; Livingston, M. S.; Snyder, H. S. (1952). "The Strong-Focusing Synchrotron—A New High Energy Accelerator". Physical Review. 88 (5): 1190–1196. Bibcode:1952PhRv...88.1190C. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.88.1190. hdl:2027/mdp.39015086454124.
7. Courant, E. D.; Snyder, H. S. (Jan 1958). "Theory of the alternating-gradient synchrotron" (PDF). Annals of Physics. 3 (1): 360–408. Bibcode:2000AnPhy.281..360C. doi:10.1006/aphy.2000.6012.
8. "Putting Money Where Their Minds Are; Where Scientists Gather, Wagering Flourishes (Published 1998)". nytimes.com. 25 August 1998. Retrieved 30 July 2023.

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