| Origins of the War of 1812 |
|---|
In politics, the terms war hawk and hawk describe a person who favours starting armed conflicts or escalating ongoing ones instead of attempting to solve problems through dialogue or other nonviolent methods. Hawkish individuals are the opposite of war doves, who advocate negotiations and peaceful settlements to resolve disputes and view the option of going to war as one to be avoided by any means unless absolutely necessary. The terms are derived by historical analogy with the birds of the same name: hawks are predatory birds that attack and eat other animals, whereas doves eat seeds and fruit and are a symbol of peace.
Variations of the term include chicken hawk, referring to a person who supports waging war but previously avoided or is actively avoiding military service (i.e., cowardice); and liberal hawk, referring to a person who adheres to passive liberalism in domestic politics while simultaneously having a militaristic and interventionist foreign policy.
Historical group
The term "war hawk" was coined in 1792 and was often used to ridicule politicians who favored a pro-war policy in peacetime. Historian Donald R. Hickey found 129 uses of the term in American newspapers before late 1811, mostly from Federalists warning against Democratic-Republican foreign policy. Some antiwar Democratic-Republicans used it, such as Virginia Congressman John Randolph of Roanoke. There was never any "official" roster of War Hawks; as Hickey notes, "Scholars differ over who (if anyone) ought to be classified as a War Hawk." However, most historians use the term to describe about one or two dozen members of the Twelfth Congress. The leader of this faction was Speaker of the House Henry Clay of Kentucky. John C. Calhoun of South Carolina was another notable War Hawk. Both of these men became major players in American politics for decades, despite failing to win the presidency themselves. Other men traditionally identified as War Hawks include Richard Mentor Johnson of Kentucky, William Lowndes of South Carolina, Langdon Cheves of South Carolina, Felix Grundy of Tennessee, and William W. Bibb of Georgia.
President James Madison set the legislative agenda for Congress, providing committees in the House of Representatives with policy recommendations to be introduced as bills on the House floor. Nevertheless, he was regarded as a "timid soul" and tried to restrain the martial zeal of the War Hawks.
Variations of the term
The term has also been expanded into "chicken hawk", referring to a war hawk who avoided military service.
The term "liberal hawk" is a derivation of the traditional phrase, in the sense that it denotes an individual with socially liberal inclinations coupled with an aggressive outlook on foreign policy.
In modern American usage, "hawk" refers to a fierce advocate for a cause or policy, such as "deficit hawk" or "privacy hawk". It may also refer to a person or political leader who favors a strong or aggressive military policy, though not necessarily outright war.
See also
References
- ^ Eaton, Clement (1957). Henry Clay and the Art of American Politics. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company. pp. 25.
- Hickey, Donald R. (April 2014). "'War Hawks': Using Newspapers to Trace a Phrase, 1792-1812'". Journal of Military History. 78 (2): 725-740.
- Hickey, Donald R. (2012). The War of 1812. University of Illinois Press. p. 334n.8. ISBN 9780252078378. JSTOR 10.5406/j.ctt3fh41c.
- Stagg, J.C.A. (1976). "James Madison and the 'Malcontents': The Political Origins of the War of 1812". The William and Mary Quarterly. 33 (4): 557–585. doi:10.2307/1921716. JSTOR 1921716765.
Bibliography
- "War Hawk | History, Significance, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-04-20.
- Oh, Inae. "On Afghanistan, the old war hawks are the new war hawks". Mother Jones. Retrieved 2024-04-20.