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Hebeloma cylindrosporum
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Basidiomycota
Class:	Agaricomycetes
Order:	Agaricales
Family:	Hymenogastraceae
Genus:	Hebeloma
Species:	H. cylindrosporum
Binomial name
Hebeloma cylindrosporum Romagn. (1965)

Hebeloma cylindrosporum is a species of mushroom-forming fungus in the genus Hebeloma and the family Hymenogastraceae. The mushroom is a Basidiomycota, which has many of the mushroom-forming fungi species. It was described as new to science in 1965 by French mycologist Henri Romagnesi.

Taxonomy and Phylogeny

Cylindr- is derived from Greek and means cylindrical, and -sporum is derived from Latin and means it has a spore. Cylindrosporum then means "cylindrical and sporus".

The mushroom was first described by the mycologist Henri Romagnesi, who found the mushroom in France in 1961. However, the mycologist A.A. Pearson had found the mushroom in South Africa in 1948.

The genetic material of H. cylindrosporum has been sequenced. It has been found that the Hebeloma genus phylogenetic data may be "related to saprotrophic species in the genera Agrocybe or Pholiota". The species H. cylindrosporum is "phylogenetically distantly related to H. crustuliniforme, and other Hebeloma species".

Morphology

The cap of the mushroom is usually convex, and the color of the mushroom is usually a "yellowish brown, occasionally dark brick, rarely cinnamon". H. cylindrosporum has gills that are usually notched before attaching to the stem of the fungi, but the gills are sometimes not notched before attaching to the stem.

H. cylindrosporum spores are cylindrically shaped, which is also where the fungus gets its name. The spores are "often brown, occasionally yellow brown, rarely beige or yellow". The fugus does have a basidia.

Ecology

H. cylindrosporum is an ectomycorrhizal species of fungi. The fungus is "associated with Pinus pinaster". The H. cylindrosporum forms a Hartig net with the roots of the pine tree, and helps the pine tree to take up phosphorus and nitrogen. H. cylindrosporum can also associate with other hosts such as Larix laricina, Dryas integrifolia, and Quercus acutissima in a laboratory.

The fungus has mainly been found in Europe. However, the fungus has been found in Africa and Temperate Asia. H. cylindrosporum has been found in "sandy soils with no or very little organic matter", mostly being found in "costal sand dune ecosystems along the Atlantic south-west coast of France".

Relevance for Humans

There have been several studies done accessing how H. cylindrosporum interacts with different metals.

In one study, it was found that H. cylindrosporum has two genes that are "involved in metal homeostasis and detoxification". The study found that both genes were able to show some sort of response to copper, but only one of the genes was "highly responsive to Cu induction and is likely to be involved in the detoxification of this metal". The gene that was less responsive to copper was found to be the only gene "involved in conferring tolerance to Cd". Another study involving cadmium and H. cylindrosporum found that an enzyme made by the fungus increased the production of "a core component in the mycorrhizal defense system under Cd stress for Cd homeostasis and detoxification".

In another study involving arsenic and H. cylindrosporum, it was found that "when in an As contaminated soil, these ECM fungi forms a symbiotic association with the plant roots, protecting the host plant from As stress". This study found that the fungi "transfer of soil As to plant roots by conjugating it with gluthathione and accumulating inside the vacuoles". The researchers conclude "that H. cylindrosporum is efficient in dealing with As stress and may offer global potential in its bioremediation".

See also

• List of Hebeloma species

References

1. ^ Romagnesi H. (1965). "Études sur le genere Hebeloma". Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France (in French). 81 (3): 321–344 (see p. 328).
2. "Definition of CYLINDR-". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2024-03-10.
3. "Definition of -SPORIUM". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2024-03-10.
4. ^ "Hebeloma cylindrosporum - Species description and distribution". www.hebeloma.org. Retrieved 2024-03-10.
5. "Hebeloma.org: Collection HJB1000142". www.hebeloma.org. Retrieved 2024-03-10.
6. "Hebeloma.org: Collection HJB1000048". www.hebeloma.org. Retrieved 2024-03-10.
7. "Info - Hebeloma cylindrosporum h7 v2.0". mycocosm.jgi.doe.gov. Retrieved 2024-03-10.
8. "Home - Hebeloma cylindrosporum h7 v2.0". mycocosm.jgi.doe.gov. Retrieved 2024-03-10.
9. ^ Marmeisse, R.; Guidot, A.; Gay, G.; Lambilliotte, R.; Sentenac, H.; Combier, J.-P.; Melayah, D.; Fraissinet-Tachet, L.; Debaud, J.C. (September 2004). "Hebeloma cylindrosporum – a model species to study ectomycorrhizal symbiosis from gene to ecosystem". New Phytologist. 163 (3): 481–498. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01148.x. ISSN 0028-646X. PMID 33873734.
10. Debivort (January 2006), English: Schematic of a typical basidiocarp, the diploid reproductive structure of a basidiomycete, showing fruiting body, hymenium, and basidia., retrieved 2024-03-10
11. ^ Gryta, H.; Debaud, J.-C.; Effosse, A.; Gay, G.; Marmeisse, R. (April 1997). "Fine-scale structure of populations of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum in coastal sand dune forest ecosystems". Molecular Ecology. 6 (4): 353–364. Bibcode:1997MolEc...6..353G. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.1997.00200.x. ISSN 0962-1083. S2CID 86836082.
12. academic.oup.com https://academic.oup.com/treephys/article/20/2/123/1702037. Retrieved 2024-03-10. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
13. Tatry, Marie-Violaine; El Kassis, Elie; Lambilliotte, Raphaël; Corratgé, Claire; Van Aarle, Ingrid; Amenc, Laurie K.; Alary, Rémi; Zimmermann, Sabine; Sentenac, Hervé; Plassard, Claude (March 2009). "Two differentially regulated phosphate transporters from the symbiotic fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum and phosphorus acquisition by ectomycorrhizal Pinus pinaster". The Plant Journal. 57 (6): 1092–1102. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03749.x. ISSN 0960-7412. PMID 19054369.
14. ^ Ramesh, G.; Podila, G. K.; Gay, G.; Marmeisse, R.; Reddy, M. S. (2009-04-15). "Different Patterns of Regulation for the Copper and Cadmium Metallothioneins of the Ectomycorrhizal Fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 75 (8): 2266–2274. Bibcode:2009ApEnM..75.2266R. doi:10.1128/AEM.02142-08. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 2675211. PMID 19233951.
15. Khullar, Shikha; Reddy, M. Sudhakara (2019-02-01). "Cadmium induced glutathione bioaccumulation mediated by γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase in ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum". BioMetals. 32 (1): 101–110. doi:10.1007/s10534-018-00164-2. ISSN 1572-8773. PMID 30560539. S2CID 56169576.
16. ^ Khullar, Shikha; Reddy, M. Sudhakara (February 2020). "Arsenic toxicity and its mitigation in extomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum through glutathione biosynthesis". Chemosphere. 240. Bibcode:2020Chmsp.24024914K. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124914. PMID 31557642. S2CID 203569118. Retrieved March 10, 2024.

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