Heinz Hopf

German mathematician (1894–1971) For the Swedish actor, see Heinz Hopf (actor).

Heinz Hopf
Hopf in 1954
Born	(1894-11-19)19 November 1894 Gräbschen, Silesia, Prussia, German Empire
Died	3 June 1971(1971-06-03) (aged 76) Zollikon, Zürich, Switzerland
Alma mater	University of Berlin
Known for	Almost complex manifold H-space Hopf algebra Hopf conjecture Hopf fibration Hopf invariant Hopf link Hopf manifold Hopf surface Hopf theorem Hopf's integral formula Hopfion Hopf–Rinow theorem Freudenthal-Hopf theorems Killing–Hopf theorem Poincaré–Hopf theorem Grid cell topology Spherical space form conjecture Sphere theorem
Scientific career
Fields	Mathematics
Institutions	ETH Zürich
Thesis	Über Zusammmenhänge zwischen Topologie und Metrik von Mannigfaltigkeiten (1925)
Doctoral advisor	Erhard Schmidt Ludwig Bieberbach
Doctoral students	Beno Eckmann Hans Freudenthal Alfred Frölicher Werner Gysin Friedrich Hirzebruch Michel Kervaire Willi Rinow Hans Samelson Ernst Specker Eduard Stiefel James J. Stoker Alice Roth

Heinz Hopf (19 November 1894 – 3 June 1971) was a German mathematician who worked on the fields of dynamical systems, topology and geometry.

Early life and education

Hopf was born in Gräbschen, German Empire (now Grabiszyn [pl], part of Wrocław, Poland), the son of Elizabeth (née Kirchner) and Wilhelm Hopf. His father was born Jewish and converted to Protestantism a year after Heinz was born; his mother was from a Protestant family.

Hopf attended Karl Mittelhaus higher boys' school from 1901 to 1904, and then entered the König-Wilhelm-Gymnasium in Breslau. He showed mathematical talent from an early age. In 1913 he entered the Silesian Friedrich Wilhelm University where he attended lectures by Ernst Steinitz, Adolf Kneser, Max Dehn, Erhard Schmidt, and Rudolf Sturm. When World War I broke out in 1914, Hopf eagerly enlisted. He was wounded twice and received the iron cross (first class) in 1918.

After the war Hopf continued his mathematical education in Heidelberg (winter 1919/20 and summer 1920) and Berlin (starting in winter 1920/21). He studied under Ludwig Bieberbach and received his doctorate in 1925.

Career

In his dissertation, Connections between topology and metric of manifolds (German: Über Zusammenhänge zwischen Topologie und Metrik von Mannigfaltigkeiten), he proved that any simply connected complete Riemannian 3-manifold of constant sectional curvature is globally isometric to Euclidean, spherical, or hyperbolic space. He also studied the indices of zeros of vector fields on hypersurfaces, and connected their sum to curvature. Some six months later he gave a new proof that the sum of the indices of the zeros of a vector field on a manifold is independent of the choice of vector field and equal to the Euler characteristic of the manifold. This theorem is now called the Poincaré–Hopf theorem.

Hopf spent the year after his doctorate at the University of Göttingen, where David Hilbert, Richard Courant, Carl Runge, and Emmy Noether were working. While there he met Pavel Alexandrov and began a lifelong friendship.

In 1926 Hopf moved back to Berlin, where he gave a course in combinatorial topology. He spent the academic year 1927/28 at Princeton University on a Rockefeller fellowship with Alexandrov. Solomon Lefschetz, Oswald Veblen and J. W. Alexander were all at Princeton at the time. At this time Hopf discovered the Hopf invariant of maps $S^{3}\to S^{2}$ and proved that the Hopf fibration has invariant 1. In the summer of 1928 Hopf returned to Berlin and began working with Pavel Alexandrov, at the suggestion of Courant, on a book on topology. Three volumes were planned, but only one was finished. It was published in 1935.

In 1929, he declined a job offer from Princeton University. In 1931 Hopf took Hermann Weyl's position at ETH, in Zürich. Hopf received another invitation to Princeton in 1940, but he declined it. Two years later, however, he was forced to file for Swiss citizenship after his property was confiscated by Nazis, his father's conversion to Christianity having failed to convince German authorities that he was an "Aryan".

In 1946/47 and 1955/56 Hopf visited the United States, staying at Princeton and giving lectures at New York University and Stanford University. He served as president of the International Mathematical Union from 1955 to 1958.

Personal life

In October 1928 Hopf married Anja von Mickwitz (1891–1967).

Honors and awards

He received honorary doctorates from Princeton University, the University of Freiburg, the University of Manchester, the University of Paris, the Free University of Brussels, and the University of Lausanne. In 1949 he was elected a corresponding member of the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences. He was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1957, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1961, and the American Philosophical Society in 1963. He was an Invited Speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM) in Zürich in 1932 and a Plenary Speaker at the ICM in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1950.

In memory of Hopf, ETH Zürich awards the Heinz Hopf Prize for outstanding scientific work in the field of pure mathematics.

Selected publications

Alexandroff P., Hopf H. Topologie Bd.1 — B: 1935
Hopf, Heinz (1964), Selecta Heinz Hopf, Herausgegeben zu seinem 70. Geburtstag von der Eidgenössischen Technischen Hochschule Zürich, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, MR 0170777
Hopf, Heinz (2001), Collected papers/Gesammelte Abhandlungen, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-540-57138-4, MR 1851430

References

Heinz Hopf at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
I.M. James, ed. (24 August 1999). History of Topology. Elsevier. p. 991. ISBN 978-0-08-053407-7.
"Heinz Hopf". University of St Andrews.
"Hopf, Heinz" (PDF). RobertNowlan.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2011.
"Heinz Hopf". Historia Mathematica Heidelbergensis.
"International Mathematical Union (IMU): IMU Executive Committees 1952–2014". www.mathunion.org. Archived from the original on 8 January 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
"Heinz Hopf". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
"APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
Hopf, H. (1950). "Die n-dimensionalen Sphären und projektiven Räume in der Topologie" (PDF). In: Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematicians, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A., August 30 – September 6, 1950. Vol. 1. pp. 193–202. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 December 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2017.

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