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Henry Raikes

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English cleric (1782–1854) For the British politician, see Henry Cecil Raikes.
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Henry Raikes
Henry Raikes
Born24 September 1782
12 New Broad Street, London
Died28 November 1854(1854-11-28) (aged 72)
Chester, Cheshire, England
Resting placeOverleigh Cemetery, Chester, England
EducationEton College
Alma materSt John’s College, Cambridge
Spouse Augusta Whittington ​ ​(m. 1809; died 1820)​
Children5
Parents

Henry Raikes (1782–1854) was an English cleric, chancellor of the diocese of Chester from 1830 to 1854.

Childhood and education

Henry Raikes was born on 24 September 1782 at 12 New Broad Street, London. His father, Thomas, was a wealthy merchant, and his mother, Charlotte, was the granddaughter of the 7th Earl of Winchilsea.

Thomas Raikes had become wealthy through his own ability and enterprise. He was born in Gloucester, where his father, Robert Raikes, had founded the Gloucester Journal. After their father’s death, Thomas and his brother, William, moved to London and established a merchant business that became immensely successful. In 1776, Thomas was elected a director of the Bank of England, a position he held until 1810. He also served on the committee of several charities, including the Society for Sunday Schools.

In 1774, Thomas married Charlotte Finch, the illegitimate daughter of an aristocrat called Henry Finch. Charlotte’s portrait by George Romney depicts her sitting at a keyboard in a sumptuous white dress, looking elegant and graceful.

Thomas and Charlotte had five daughters and four sons. Georgiana married Lord William Fitzroy, and Harriet married Stratford Canning. Thomas (junior) joined the family business; Richard became a banker; and George became a director of the East India Company. Henry was the only son to reject a career in banking and commerce.

As he was their second son, his parents may have steered him towards the Church from a young age. When he was a boy, they sent him to the hamlet of Neasden to be educated by his uncle, Richard Raikes. This uncle was a priest who had been a fellow at St John’s College, Cambridge before he suffered a breakdown. Although married, he had no children of his own. Racked by almost constant pain, he may have sometimes contemplated suicide as he subscribed to a book on the subject in 1790. Sadly, he treated his nephew with the utmost severity. Whether his cruelty stemmed from by a tortured psyche or twisted religious ideas about the depravity of human nature is impossible to say.

When Raikes was ten or eleven, he went to Eton School. There, he excelled in classics and became a close friend of John Bird Sumner, the future Archbishop of Canterbury.

On 18 May 1800, Raikes entered St John’s College, Cambridge, where he cultivated valuable friendships but failed to apply himself wholeheartedly to his studies. While he loved the classics, he was less interested in mathematics. In January 1804, the university awarded him a second-class degree. In 1805, he won the Members’ Prize for a classical essay.

In 1805, he embarked on a journey to Greece, choosing his route to suit the wartime conditions. After crossing the sea to Prussia, he travelled through Austria, Hungary, and Italy. From Venice, he sailed to Greece, where he met Lord Aberdeen, whom he had known at Cambridge. Together, they explored ancient sites and visited Albania. In 1806, Raikes returned home to London via Gibraltar and Lisbon.

After his return from Greece, Raikes lived with his parents in their house at 14 Upper Grosvenor Street, Mayfair. He indulged in the pleasures of London society and mixed with some eminent people.

Early career

On 20 September 1807, he took Holy Orders, being ordained a deacon at Norwich. On 18 December 1808, the Bishop of Winchester ordained him as a priest and licensed him to the curacy of Betchworth, a parish near Dorking.

On 16 March 1809, Raikes married Augusta Whittington at St George's, Hanover Square, Westminster. She was the daughter of Jacob John Whittington of Theberton Hall, Suffolk, a wealthy country squire.

Jacob’s circumstances were unusual in that he had inherited his wealth from an aunt and uncle, who had died childless. Without this windfall, his means would have been modest. Some of this inheritance was legally suspect, which led to a court battle that lasted more than twenty years. In 1800, Jacob lost the case, which then released funds to found Downing College, Cambridge.

Raikes and Augusta may have met through her brother, George Downing Whittington, who was probably friends with Raikes at Eton and Cambridge. A young man of remarkable promise, Whittington died of dysentery in his lodgings at Cambridge on 24 July 1807.

Although Raikes loved Augusta, he disapproved of her parents. In 1805 or 1806, they had arranged a legal separation, under which Jacob settled £16,000 on his wife and six children. The probable cause of their parting was his infidelity some years earlier, which resulted in the birth of a son. Raikes protected himself from disgrace by having nothing to do with his parents-in-law. In her will, his mother-in-law expressed her deep regret that she never knew her grandchildren.

Raikes’s father gave the newly married couple a marriage settlement comprising £4,000 and two farms. He had earlier given his son a promissory note for £10,000. With this wealth, Raikes could have bought a living, and he did indeed consider it. On 29 July 1809, Sir William Gell wrote to Philip Gell of Hopton Hall, Wirksworth, Derbyshire, on Raikes's behalf to obtain more information about a living:

" I sent or rather wrote you a letter yesterday on the subject of the living but I don't know whether you will even get it or not, so I repeat, Henry Raikes the Revd 14 upper Gros St Gros Square wants to buy it but must have particulars & know where your agent is to be seen in town to set his agent about it. This you may be sure of that Raikes has the money & that he will give you the fairest price for it, even if you were to trust it entirely to him without bargain."

But nothing came of it, and instead, he accepted a series of curacies:

1808-c. 1810 Betchworth, Surrey;

1810-1813 Shillingstone, Dorset;

1814-1822 Burnham, Buckinghamshire.

These positions involved onerous duties for low pay. For example, at Burnham, Raikes received a stipend of £100, surplice fees, and accommodation.

Raikes’s married life was happy. His two oldest sons were born at Shillingstone; a third son and two daughters were born at Burnham. This tranquility ended in the autumn of 1820 when his infant daughter and his wife both died. His old friend, John Sumner, offered consolation by quoting Jesus’s words: “What I do thou knowest not now, but though shalt know hereafter.”

In 1822, Raikes inherited great wealth from his parents. When his father died in 1813, he left an estate valued at about £150,000, most of which he gave to his widow for her lifetime. When she died in March 1822, the capital became available to divide among the surviving six children. As Raikes received a legacy of £7,000 and a share of the residue, he probably inherited more than £20,000. In 1824, he inherited more property when his uncle and former tutor, Richard Raikes, left him all his freehold and leasehold lands and buildings.

After leaving Burnham, Raikes lived with his brother, Thomas, at Sudbrook Park, Petersham, Surrey. Then, in 1824, he bought Aldwick Pavilion, a mansion on the Sussex coast. The house came with five acres of land, outbuildings, pleasure grounds, a kitchen garden, and a lawn that sloped to the sea. When first advertised for sale in 1819, the owner set the price at £7,000.

While at Aldwick, Raikes studied his books and schooled his four children. His sister, Charlotte, helped him with their care, remaining his companion until her death on 5 July 1854. In 1828, he took his family on holiday to Switzerland and the River Rhine.

In the summer of 1827, he preached a series of sermons about the attributes of God at the nearby proprietary chapel of St John’s, Bognor.

Chester

Chancellorship

In 1828, Raikes’s prospects changed dramatically when his old friend, John Bird Sumner, was appointed Bishop of Chester. In September 1829, Sumner appointed Raikes as his Examining Chaplain and took him on his Manchester visitation.

The west door of Chester Cathedral

In November 1830, Raikes was appointed Chancellor of Chester following the death, at the age of 85, of the Rev. Dr. Thomas Parkinson, his non-resident predecessor who had not set foot in Chester for at least five years.

Previously indifferent to high office, Raikes may have accepted the Chancellorship to help his three sons, particularly his eldest son, Henry, who was a student at Cambridge. This son did indeed benefit as, in 1837, he was appointed registrar of the diocese. This office made him profits of about £5,000 a year with little effort.

Raikes delayed moving to Chester for more than a year, using the time to finish and publish Remarks on Clerical Education, a book that proved influential in its call for better training of ordinands. Raikes finally moved to Chester in about April 1832.

From the outset, he acted like a suffragan bishop, overseeing the cathedral and the diocese. In May and June 1832, he visited twenty parishes in the diocese and lectured churchwardens on their responsibilities. He became so deeply involved in the running of the diocese that Charles Simeon, a prominent evangelical churchman, is supposed to have remarked that Chester enjoyed a double episcopacy.

Raikes flourished in his new role, working hard and growing increasingly powerful. In February 1841, he was appointed Rural Dean of Chester, and in August 1844, he was appointed an honorary canon of Chester Cathedral.

He enjoyed social status in Chester. He lived at Dee Side House, a fifteen-bedroom mansion near St John’s churchyard overlooking the River Dee, staffed by six female and three male servants. As Chancellor, his income was at least £2,000 per annum.

Dee Side House, Chester

As he grew famous, people wanted to see his image. In 1841, a portrait of him by Benjamin Faulkner was exhibited in Chester for the public to see, free of charge. In 1844, a local firm of booksellers advertised prints of an engraving by Frederick Lewis for sale at a guinea each.

In May 1847, the Diocese of Chester lost a large area to the newly formed Diocese of Manchester. Raikes was a leading contender to be the first Bishop of Manchester but lost out to James Prince Lee, the headmaster of King Edward’s School, Birmingham. The Whig Prime Minister, Lord John Russell, probably rejected Raikes because of his Tory sympathies.

However, in 1849, Russell’s government included Raikes in the Commission of Inquiry for the Subdivision of Parishes. The Commissioners issued two reports during Raikes’s lifetime and one after his death.

In 1848, Raikes’s friend, Sumner, left Chester to become the new Archbishop of Canterbury. His departure meant the end of their close working relationship and the end of Raikes’s term as Examining Chaplain.

Work with religious groups

Raikes was ultra-protestant and profoundly evangelical. He firmly believed in the doctrine of predestination but seldom referred to it in the pulpit.

His evangelicalism is evident in the religious societies he supported. These included the Liverpool Auxiliary Bible Society, the Liverpool Auxiliary Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews, the Liverpool Auxiliary Church Pastoral Aid Society, the Lancashire Society for Promoting the Due Observance of the Lord’s Day, the Chester Young Men’s Christian Association, the Chester Auxiliary Bible Society, the Sunday School Society for Ireland, the Hibernian Society, the Prayer Book and Homily Society, the Society of Buildings Chapels in the Agricultural Districts of Cheshire, and the Church Missionary Society.

Work with other voluntary groups

Raikes also supported charities concerned with education and social welfare. In Chester, he helped manage the Female Penitentiary, the Female House of Refuge, the Ragged School Society, the Mendicity Society, the infirmary, the cemetery, and the Chester Mechanics Institution.

His lectures at the Mechanics Institution reveal his profound engagement with issues of the day. One was titled “The theory of population considered in reference to the welfare of States,” and another was called “Christian Political Economy.” He later published a third with the title The Harmony of Science and Revelation.

Scholarly interests

He had many scholarly interests, including religion, history, and archaeology. He was knowledgeable about the early Christian Fathers and Oriental learning. He served as president of the Chester Architectural, Archaeological, and Historic Society and wrote articles for the society’s journal. He gave the Chetham Society access to early diocesan records and permitted them to publish the antiquarian notes of Bishop Gastrell. He was also active in restoring and preserving the cathedral and many churches.

In 1844, Raikes agreed to edit a memoir of Vice-Admiral Sir Jahleel Brenton. Although he must have devoted hundreds of hours to the project, the outcome was disappointing. The task did not suit his skill set, and the resulting book, published in 1846, is long, tedious, and full of extraneous religious musings.

Death, funeral, and will

In the spring of 1854, Raikes’s health gave cause for alarm. Although he was operated on and made two visits to London, he grew steadily worse. By mid-November 1854, he was extremely ill and forced to remain in bed. He died early on the morning of Tuesday, 28 November 1854, aged 72. His body was interred at Overleigh Cemetery on the following Tuesday.

His funeral was a grand public event. Over a thousand people joined in the procession as it travelled from St John’s Parochial Schoolroom to the Cemetery Chapel. His coffin was covered in a plain black cloth and carried in a hearse drawn by four horses. Church bells tolled, and thousands of spectators lined the route.

Raikes's public memorial in Overleigh Cemetery, Chester, erected in 1858 to a design by Thomas Penson.

He died a wealthy man. His will, made on 28 February 1853, refers to a valuable marriage settlement, £21,000 in bank annuities, three farms, and land in Gloucestershire.

In the will, he left £50 to his trusted housekeeper. Two weeks after his death, she stole nine boxes of linen and other goods from the house. On 11 April 1855, at the City Sessions, she was sentenced to 15 months hard labour.

In February 1855, his executors sold his theological library by auction in London.

Memorials

Soon after Raikes’s death, five Chester gentlemen launched an appeal to raise money for a memorial. By 31 July 1855, the sum raised was sufficient to fund a scholarship at the diocesan training college for schoolmasters.

As this appeal closed, another opened to raise money for a monument. In February 1857, after deciding that the best location was over Raikes’s grave, the committee asked a local architect, Thomas Penson, to design a structure that was solid, imposing, and ecclesiastical.

His design was for a monumental tomb, twenty feet high, in the early English style. As the actual monument is smaller than this, the committee may have scaled it down to save money. As it was, they had to appeal for more money and dispense with the iron railings that many subscribers considered necessary. The monument was finally erected in 1858.

Today, few visitors to the cemetery realise his tomb is a public memorial erected by the citizens of Chester to show their gratitude and respect.

Archival collections and works

For other reference see Papers of British Churchmen 1780-1940 (1987).

Contrary to some authorities, he did not write The Reform of England by the Decrees of Cardinal Pole or A Popular Sketch of the Origin and Development of the English Constitution from the earliest period to the present time. His son, Henry, wrote both books.

References

  1. "Raikes, Henry (RKS800H)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
  2. The Gentleman's Magazine. W. Pickering. 1855. p. 198.
  3. ^ Raikes, Henry (6 December 1854). "Chancellor Raikes". Chester Courant. p. 6.
  4. The National Archives, T70/1509, List of the Freeman of the Company of Merchants Trading to Africa, for the Port of London, June 1778.
  5. Power, John Carroll (1863). The Rise and Progress of Sunday Schools: A Biography of Robert Raikes and William Fox. Sheldon. p. 208.
  6. The Town and country magazine; or Universal repository of knowledge, instruction, and entertainment. 1776. p. 275.
  7. The New annual register, or General repository of history, politics, and literature. 1809. p. 36.
  8. "Sunday-Schools". Northampton Mercury. 6 May 1786. p. 1.
  9. The Lady's Magazine. 1775. p. 111.
  10. The will of Henry Finch dated 7 November 1758, proved at London 2 June 1761.
  11. "Charlotte, Mrs Thomas Raikes - George ROMNEY". Google Arts & Culture. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
  12. Two of the children predeceased their father. Emma died 4 January 1799 aged 12 (Kentish Weekly Post or Canterbury Journal, 8 January 1799 p.4); Elizabeth died 11 February 1801 aged 13 (Whitehall Evening Post, 14 February 1801 p.3).
  13. "Married". Cheltenham Chronicle. 15 August 1816. p. 3.
  14. "Married". Leeds Mercury. 17 August 1816. p. 3.
  15. Banker's Almanac and Register and Legal Directory ... 1861. p. 79.
  16. In October 1834, Richard Mee Raikes, the serving Governor of the Bank of England, was declared bankrupt with net debts of £85,000. He owed £6,450 to his sister, Charlotte Finch Raikes, and £7,702 to his brother, Henry. (Dover Telegraph and Cinque Ports General Advertiser, 25 October 1834 p.6-Richard Mee Raikes's Bankruptcy; English Chronicle and Whitehall Evening Post, 4 April 1835 p.1-A meeting of Mr Mee Raikes's creditors).
  17. Company, East India (1839). Alphabetical List of the Honourable East India Company's Bombay Civil Servants, from the Year 1798 to the Year 1839, to which is Attached a List of the Governors of Bombay, Also a List of the East India Directors. Compiled and Edited by Dodwell and Miles. Longman, Orme, Brown. pp. xx. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  18. ^ The Gentleman's Magazine. W. Pickering. 1855. p. 199.
  19. The Christian observer [afterw.] The Christian observer and advocate. 1824. p. 666.
  20. Raikes, Robert; Fox, William (27 April 2022). The Rise and Progress of Sunday Schools. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 209. ISBN 978-3-375-00273-2.
  21. Church (GLOUCESTER), Cathedral (1844). A History of Gloucester Cathedral, with some accounts of the monuments therein. T. Jew. p. 32.
  22. Moore, Charles (1790). A Full Inquiry Into the Subject of Suicide: To which are Added (as Being Closely Connected with the Subject) Two Treatises on Duelling and Gaming ... J. F. and C. Rivington ... J. Robson and W. Clarke ... G. Nicol ... and J. and T. Egerton ... Fletcher, Prince and Cooke, Oxford; Merrills, Lunn, Cambridge; Simmons and Kirby, Canterbury; and Gillman, Rochester.
  23. "". Saint James's Chronicle. 31 January 1804. p. 1.
  24. "Country News". Saint James's Chronicle. 25 June 1805. p. 3.
  25. ^ Derbyshire Record Office, D258/50/26i-ii,Personal letter from Sir William Gell to Philip Gell dated 29 July 1809. `
  26. Marsh, Herbert (1811). The National Religion the Foundation of National Education: A Sermon Preached in the Cathedral Church of St. Paul, London: on Thursday, June 13, 1811. Being the Time of the Yearly Meeting of the Children Educated in the Charity Schools in and about the Cities of London and Westminster ... To which is Annexed, An Account of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. Rivington. p. 100.
  27. "At a General Ordination...". Norfolk Chronicle. 26 September 1807. p. 2.
  28. "Married". Oxford Journal. 25 March 1809. p. 3.
  29. The marriage register of St George's, Hanover Square. Entry for 16 March 1809. By licence. Witnesses: Jacob Whittington, Thos Raikes, Charlotte Raikes. Augusta's mother was not a witness.
  30. ^ Postmus, Bouwe (July 2012). "Ellen Sophia Whittington's Generosity: the Sources of the Whittington Fortune". The Gissing Journal. XLVIII (3): 3–22.
  31. "Cambridge, August 3". Oxford University and City Herald. 8 August 1807. p. 2.
  32. The will of Thomas Raikes dated 17 May 1809 and proved at London 9 February 1814.
  33. Shillingstone baptism register 1813-69: Henry Raikes conducted all the baptisms from 3 January 1813 to July 1813; the next baptism, on 13 October 1813, was by Edward Acton, curate. Shillingstone marriage register 1813-1921: Raikes conducted a marriage on 1 January 1813 and another on 8 April 1813; the next, on 27 September 1813, was by Edward Acton, curate. Shillingstone register of banns 1755-1827: Raikes read marriage banns on Sunday, 15 July 1810. Shillingstone marriage register 1755-1812: Raikes conducted marriages on 18 July 1810. 3 September 1811, 1 January 1812, and 22 September 1812.
  34. "Appointment Evidence Record, ID 65541". theclergydatabase.org.uk. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  35. "Births". Oxford Journal. 5 October 1811. p. 4.
  36. The entry for George Raikes on the 1851 census: HO 107, piece 2105, folio 505, page 27.
  37. Richard William Raikes was baptised at Burnham on 21 July 1816, Cecilia Raikes on 13 April 1817, and Emily Augusta Raikes on 19 March 1820. Richard went to India and is therefore absent from census returns. The 1861 census records Celilia's place of birth as Burnham (she was by then married to Dale Stewart). Emily died in infancy.
  38. National Burial Index for England & Wales
  39. "Died". Morning Post. 31 October 1820. p. 4.
  40. Society of Genealogists, Bank of England Will Extracts 1717-1845, registered 14 February 1814, Thomas Raikes of Upper Grosvenor Square, Esquire. "Sworn under £150,000."
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  46. Charlotte Finch Raikes was at Dee Side House in 1841 (HO 107, piece 2171, folio 563, page 37) and 1851 as a "visitor"(HO 107, piece 2171, folio 563, page 37. She went to London in May 1854 and died at 24 George Street, Hanover Square, on 5 July 1854. She may have gone for medical reasons as her niece, Cecilia, testified in the court case of 1855 that she was "much very much impaired in mind for near three years before she died." (Cheshire Observer, 6 January 1855 p.5-The Robbery at Dee Side House).
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  60. "To Be Sold By Auction". Chester Chronicle. 17 March 1826. p. 1.
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  65. "Preparing for Publication". Chester Chronicle. 21 January 1842. p. 2.
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  103. Raikes, Henry; Brenton, Sir Lancelot Charles Lee (1855). Memoir of Vice Admiral Sir Jahleel Brenton, Baronet, K.C.B. Longman and Company. pp. XX.
  104. Gifford, William; Coleridge, Sir John Taylor; Lockhart, John Gibson; Elwin, Whitwell; Macpherson, William; Smith, William; Murray, John; Ernle), Rowland Edmund Prothero (Baron; Prothero, George Walter (1847). The Quarterly Review. John Murray. pp. 147–167.
  105. ^ "The Funeral of the Late Reverend Chancellor Raikes". Cheshire Observer. 9 December 1854. p. 7.
  106. The will of the Rev. Henry Raikes, dated 28 February 1853, proved at London on 18 December 1854.
  107. "Chester City Sessions". Chester Chronicle. 14 April 1855. p. 7.
  108. "The Valuable Theological Library of the Late Rev. Henry Raikes, Chancellor of Chester". Church & State Gazette (London). 2 February 1855. p. 78.
  109. "Advertisement-The Late Rev. Chancellor Raikes's Testimonial". Chester Chronicle. 9 December 1854. p. 8.
  110. ^ "The Late Chancellor Raikes". Chester Courant. 11 July 1855. p. 5.
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  113. "Proposed Monument to the Late Chancellor Raikes". Cheshire Observer. 13 June 1857. p. 4.
  114. ^ "Chancellor Raikes Monument". Cheshire Observer. 29 May 1858. p. 4.
  115. Historical MSS Commission, ed. (1987). Papers of British churchmen, 1780-1940. Guides to sources for British history. London: Her Majesty's stationery office. ISBN 978-0-11-440212-9.
  116. POLE, Cardinal Reginald (1839). The Reform of England, by the Decrees of Cardinal Pole ... Translated ... by H. Raikes ... with an Introductory Essay.
  117. Raikes, Henry (1851). A Popular Sketch of the Origin and Development of the English Constitution: To the accession of James I. W.H. Dalton.

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