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Cannabis had been illegal in Morocco since the nation's independence in 1956, reaffirmed by a total ban on drugs in 1974, but was partially tolerated in the country. Cannabis has been cultivated in Morocco for centuries and the country is currently among the world's top producers of hashish. As of 2024, Morocco was the world's top supplier of cannabis. On May 26, 2021, the Moroccan parliament voted to legalize the use of cannabis for medical, as well as cosmetic and industrial purposes.
History
Early history
The specific period of cannabis's original introduction to Morocco is unclear. From the sixteenth century it was grown nationwide on a small scale for local use, in gardens and orchards, but it was only in the 18th century that the Northwest region in the far north became a noted center of production, as it is now recognized in modern times. In 1890, Sultan Hassan I instituted strict regulations on cultivation and trade, but also conferred clear cannabis production privileges on several Jebala tribes. In the 1950s, the rights of the Jebala tribes to cultivate cannabis was reconfirmed, in response to tensions in the restive region. In 1956, with the new independence of Morocco, King Mohammed V prohibited cannabis nationwide.
Internationalization
In the 1960s and 1970s, an influx of young Western tourists had a profound effect on cannabis in Morocco. Prior to this, cannabis was produced in small quantities, and smoked as kief, female flowers (unpollinated) mixed with black tobacco. In response to massive demand from tourists and smugglers, Moroccan growers adopted larger-scale techniques to replace artisanal ones. While there are competing legends as to how hashish production was first introduced to Morocco, it is widely believed to have occurred during the peak period of Western tourist influence. On 24 January 2023, The National Agency for the Legalization of Activities Related to Cannabis launched a website, through which it will be possible to request licenses to practice activities related to cannabis.
In 2024, Morocco began legal cannabis exports to Europe under a 2021 law allowing medical and industrial cannabis use, sparking substantial investment with around 200 active operators. During the second quarter, Morocco exported legally produced cannabis for the first time. This included 100 kilograms (220 lb) of resin, containing less than 1% THC (the compound responsible for psychotropic effects), sold for between 1,400 and 1,800 euros per kilogram, destined for Switzerland. Morocco's industry anticipated annual revenues of 400 to 600 million euros within four years, contingent on securing a 10% to 15% European market share. Moroccan firms like Bio Cannat have been reportedly processing cannabis for both export and local markets. Transitioning from illicit cultivation, Morocco has expanded legal cultivation areas to approximately 3,000 hectares, primarily in the northern Rif region. Challenges remain, including climate impacts and cost competitiveness versus European producers.
L’Agence nationale de réglementation des activités relatives au cannabis (The National Agency for the Regulation of Cannabis Activities) has advocated against using imported seeds, which require more irrigation, and promotes the preservation of the national variety beldiya, an early local cannabis variety needing less water, with planting starting in February. Previously uncertified, its legal production was impossible until the passing of the 2021 law permitting medical and industrial cannabis use.
Production
Morocco produces a substantial portion of the world's hashish; it was the top producer for the 2002–2010 period before a 2012 study placed Afghanistan as the top producer. Morocco's 2010 production was 760 tons of cannabis resin. In 2003, 70% of Europe's hashish consumed was produced in Morocco. In 2021, 73,000 hectares of land in Morocco was used to grow cannabis.
In traditional production, cannabis stalks are cut from the field in autumn and stored indoors to dry for a month. The cultivators then place the dried stalks onto a fine fabric stretched across a metal basin, and beat the stalks, causing the THC-laden trichomes to fall into the basin for collection. The first kif beaten from the stalks is of the best quality, and the stalks can be further beaten a second and third time, however, continuously producing a lower-quality product. Some of the trichomes are packaged as-is, or they can be repeatedly pressed and heated to form dense slabs of hashish. Hashish slabs are often marked with a signature emblem indicating its producers, such as an abstract design, number, or imitation of a commercial logo. These symbols have no standardization or consistency season-to-season, but serve in the short term to mark the current output of a given producer.
Cannabis culture
Tourism
With the increasingly publicized worldwide consumption of cannabis, Moroccan citizens have capitalized on the feasibility of the production of this drug in the mountainous Northwest region, as well as the interest in cannabis from tourists. The area itself does not produce many crops other than kif, the Moroccan name for cannabis, creating ample space for tours of the region to take place. The cities of Chefchaouen and Ketama have become a hub for cannabis tourism in the past decades.
Cannabis tourism has grown to become an important and dominant source of wealth for growers, dealers, and unofficial tour guides alike. Tours are not officially advertised, and mostly occur by word-of-mouth. Hash pressing, tours, consumption of the drug, and sales are still illegal, but unofficially, the combination of these services has made the North African region one of the largest exporters of hashish, which is produced from female cannabis plants through compression and heating of resin glands known as trichomes. This cash crop has provided a stable income and reliability for more than 90,000 households.
Economic use
As Moroccan law officials continue to debate over the legality of producing cannabis for public use, production has started to become less criminalized. Recognizing that no other crops grow in the mountainous region, other than cannabis, the Moroccan government has been forced to allow farmers to continue their small production businesses. Producing hashish for European exports and visiting tourists provides a consistent form of employment and income for the farmers in the Jebala region. Distribution costs and pricing vary depending on the location and proximity to large cities. The further a site of production is from cities, the fewer distributors are needed, thus allocating all funds from sales to the growers themselves. The surge of cannabis demand has also greatly increased the feasibility of the drug trade to remain a successful business throughout Morocco's ports and borders.
While acceptance for cannabis production is growing, so is the inflation of prices and the devaluation of farmers' crops. Taxes pose a threat to the security of income that growers rely upon as their few means of economic gains.
Recreational use
Prior to the internationalization of the cannabis trade, Moroccan kif was consumed locally, smoked in a long sebsi pipe or mixed into food, and was also used occasionally in Sufi religious rituals. Majoun is also a popular traditional edible, a candy or jam made of cannabis with the combination of honey, chocolate, and various nuts that is ingested to feel the sensations similar to those of smoking cannabis.
Legalization debate
Cannabis was banned in Morocco following independence, however, the traditional tolerance for its production in the Jebala region, plus the recognition that cannabis makes up a large share of the national economy, has led to debate in favor of legalizing cannabis. In 2009, Fouad Ali El Himma received multipartisan support amongst Moroccan politicians for his proposal to re-brand cannabis as a traditional Moroccan herbal remedy rather than a dangerous drug, and called for national debate and reduced prosecution of farmers. In 2014, the Party of Authenticity and Modernity proposed a draft law which would keep consumption of recreational cannabis illegal, but would license and regulate growers and redirect their output to licit medicinal and industrial cannabis products. While talks of legalizing cannabis in Morocco have been taboo for decades, it has become increasingly common to find discussion and support of the topic as of late. On 11 March 2021, the Moroccan government ratified a draft law to legalise the medical use of cannabis, to be finally approved by the parliament. On May 26, 2021, the Moroccan parliament voted to legalize the use of cannabis for medical, as well as cosmetic and industrial purposes. Recreational use however is still illegal. The legalization was confirmed by a second vote on June 16, 2021, after some adjustments to the law, proposed by the Chamber of Councillors.
References
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{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - Bowles, Paul, 1910-1999. (1993). Conversations with Paul Bowles. Caponi-Tabery, Gena. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-0878056491. OCLC 28213693.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - "Morocco's growing Cannabis debate". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 2017-04-07.
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