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Chicanos and Mexican Americans
Terms Identity Chola/o La Raza Pachuca Pachuco Pinta/o Xicanx Concepts Anti-Mexican sentiment
History Early-American Period Josefa Segovia Las Gorras Blancas Mexican–American War Mutualista San Elizario Salt War Sonoratown Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Pre-Chicano Movement 1917 Bath riots Bisbee Deportation Bloody Christmas Bracero program California agricultural strikes Cantaloupe strike of 1928 Citrus Strike of 1936 La Matanza Mexican Repatriation Operation Wetback Plan de San Diego Porvenir Massacre Sleepy Lagoon trial Zoot Suit Riots Chicano Movement Aztlán Black-brown unity Brown Berets Católicos por La Raza Tulare labor camps rent strike Delano grape strike Centro Cultural Chicanismo Chicano Moratorium Colegio César Chávez CFMN Conferencia de Mujeres CRP East L.A. walkouts Hijas de Cuauhtémoc Huelga schools Land grant struggle Las Adelitas de Aztlán Los Siete de la Raza Los Seis de Boulder MANA MAYO MEChA Occupation of Catalina Island PCUN Plan Espiritual de Aztlán Plan de Santa Bárbara Quinto Sol Raza Unida Party United Farm Workers Post-Chicano Period 1985–1987 cannery strike 1992 Drywall Strike 2019 El Paso shooting Abolish ICE Arizona SB 1070 Castro 2020 Chicano Art Exhibit DACA Great American Boycott IRCA Farah strike Justice for Janitors Murder of Selena Proposition 187 South Central Farm
Culture Language Abrazos, no balazos Caló Chicano English Chicano names Órale Food New Mexican cuisine Tex-Mex cuisine Mexican-American cuisine Music Chicano rap Chicano rock Chicano soul Tejano music Symbols Cal-Style VW Homies Lowrider Lowrider bicycle Mexican-American folklore Pancho Claus Zoot suit
Literature Literature Chicana literature Chicano literature Chicano poetry Autobiographical Always Running Living Up the Street Who Would Have Thought It? Novels Bless Me, Ultima Caballero Desert Blood From This Wicked Patch of Dust Mexican WhiteBoy The Dirty Girls Social Club The House on Mango Street The Rain God The Revolt of the Cockroach People So Far from God Under the Feet of Jesus ...y no se lo tragó la tierra Poetry and Short Stories Emplumada I Am Joaquin Moment of Silence Pensamiento Serpentino The Moths
Chicano studies Fields Chicana feminism Chicanafuturism Organizations MAS Programs, Tucson NACCS UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center Texts Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza Brown, Not White The Church in the Barrio This Bridge Called My Back Theory Barrioization Coyolxauhqui imperative Gringo justice Nahui Ollin Nepantla New tribalism Rasquachismo Spiritual activism Vergüenza Youth control complex
Visual art Visual Art Chicana art Chicano art Chicano cinema Paño Tortilla art Art Collectives Asco Culture Clash East Los Streetscapers Los Four Mujeres Muralistas Teatro Campesino Royal Chicano Air Force Art organizations Centro de Arte Público Galería de la Raza Mission Cultural Center for Latino Arts Precita Eyes Self Help Graphics & Art Locations Balmy Alley Chicano Park Estrada Courts Great Wall of Los Angeles
Law Supreme Court cases Botiller v. Dominguez Hernandez v. Texas San Antonio I.S.D. v. Rodriguez Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co. U.S. v. Brignoni-Ponce Plyler v. Doe Medellín v. Texas Flores-Figueroa v. U.S. Leal Garcia v. Texas Mendez v. Westminster Bernal v. Fainter Perez v. Brownell DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal. Federal Court cases Madrigal v. Quilligan
Population Population by City Arizona (Tucson) California (Los Angeles) Illinois (Chicago) Michigan (Detroit) Nebraska (Omaha) Texas Dallas–Fort Worth Houston Multiethnic Blaxicans Californios Nuevomexicanos Tejanos Indigenous Mexican Americans Punjabi Mexican Americans
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Indigenous peoples lived in the area now known as Texas long before Spanish explorers arrived in the area. However, once Spaniards arrived and claimed the area for Spain, a process known as mestizaje occurred, in which Spaniards and Native Americans had mestizo children who had both Spanish and indigenous blood. Texas was ruled by Spain as part of its New Spain territory from 1520, when Spaniards first arrived in Mexico in 1520, until Texas won independence from Mexico in 1836, which led to the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848). In 1830, the Mexican population fell to 20 percent and in 1840 down to 10 percent. When Spanish rule in Texas ended, Mexicans in Texas numbered 5,000. In 1850 over 14,000 Texas residents had Mexican origin.

In 1911 an extremely bloody decade-long civil war broke out in Mexico. Hundreds of thousands of refugees fled to Texas, raising the Hispanic population from 72,000 in 1900 to 250,000 in 1920. Most job opportunities for them involved working on a ranch or a farm starting from South Texas and moving north and northeast. Mexican immigrants, frequently working in harsh conditions for little pay, were instrumental in the late 19th-century construction of the railroad network that linked Texas to the rest of the United States. The number reached 700,000 in 1930, 1,400,000 in 1960, and 4 million in 1990.

In the 2020 Census, 33.3% of Texans identified as "Mexican, Mexican Am., or Chicano".

Media

La Prensa was a daily Spanish language newspaper published in San Antonio. It was started in 1913 by Ignacio E. Lozano and covered the Mexican Revolution and other stories from Mexico. It was closed in 1963. El Bejarano (San Antonio) was a Spanish language newspaper published in San Antonio. It was started in 1855 and became a platform for Mexican and Mexican American activism.

Notable persons

• Plácido Benavides
• José Antonio Burciaga
• José María Jesús Carbajal
• Patricia de la Garza De León
• Martín De León
• Luis Jiménez
• Rafael Manchola
• Octavio Medellín
• George I. Sánchez
• Edgar Valdez Villarreal
• Judith Zaffirini
• Selena
• Gloria Anzaldúa

Geography

Hispanics of Mexican descent dominate southern, south-central, and western Texas and form a significant portion of the residents in the cities of Austin, Dallas, Houston, and San Antonio. Mexican Americans in Texas have made cultural contributions that have influenced the state's personality and continue to have an impact on larger American culture, such as Tejano music and the blending of culinary traditions. The Hispanic population contributes to Texas having a younger population than the American average, because Hispanic births have outnumbered non-Hispanic white births since the early 1990s. In 2007, for the first time since the early nineteenth century, Hispanics accounted for more than half of all births (50.2%), while non-Hispanic whites accounted for just (34%).

Lynching of Mexican-Americans in Texas

From 1848 to 1928 there were hundreds of lynchings of Mexican-Americans across the American West. Many of these lynchings occurred in Texas against people of Mexican descent. One such case was the case of Paulino Serda of Edinburg, a city in south Texas. Paulino Serda was killed by Texas Rangers on his ranch in 1915 during questioning. In September of that same year, Texas Rangers encountered Jesus Bazan and Antonio Longoria riding their horses near their ranch in Edinburg, Texas. Even though they had committed no crimes, the Texas Rangers shot and killed the two men on the assumption that were Mexican bandit sympathizers; they left their bodies where they were shot to be found by locals two days later. Many more Mexican nationals and Mexican-Americans living in the Texas-Mexico border were killed during this period, now designated as La Matanza.

Education

Post Mexican-American War the United States signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which extended the racial category of white to Mexican Americans, as well as the Texas Constitution which guaranteed equal rights to Mexican-Americans such as the right to free public education. Despite having access to education, and being considered white in the eyes of the law, public schools in Texas were segregated Mexican students from white students until 1965, and often times Mexican-Americans living in Texas didn’t receive the same treatment compared to their white neighbors. This differential treatment towards Mexican-American student included (but was not limited to) the banning of speaking Spanish on school grounds, in which violators could legally be punished through beatings. Similar legal battles were sparked by the California case Mendez v. Westminster in 1947, where Mexican-American families battled to end educational segregation and guarantee equal opportunity for their children in Texas. Some Mexican American organizations who played a major role in the fight against racism in public schools are the American G.I Forum, LULAC, and MALDEF. Mexican-American groups led the push for bilingual education in Texas in the 1970s, claiming that keeping the Spanish language was important for preserving cultural legacy as well as improving academic performance for Hispanic students.

THE RISE OF MEXICAN AMERICAN ORGANIZATION AND SOCIAL MOVEMENT IN TEXAS

TAMACC which stands for Texas Association of Mexican Americans Chamber of Commerce is an organization founded in 1975 to promote business, economic, and legislative opportunities for the Hispanic communities in Texas.TAMAAC have supported many bills that will help small hispanic business such as the 1991 Workers Compensation Bill and the free trade agreement with Mexico in 1992.

Mexican Americans also formed the Chicano Civil Rights Movement which goal was to help better the lives of Mexican Americans whether it be economic, politically , or socially.

Currently , now there are multiple organizations and associations that help fight educational opportunities and professional development towards Hispanic students such as the Association of Latino Professionals for America (ALPFA)and the Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers(SHPE).

See also

• Hispanic and Latino Americans in Texas
• History of the African-Americans in Texas
• German Texan
• Tejano
• Tex-Mex
• Plan of San Diego, call for insurrection in 1915 that Tejanos rejected

References

1. "Mexican Americans." Handbook of Texas. Retrieved on December 11, 2011.
2. John E. Farley. 2010. Majority-Minority Relations. SixthEdition.New Jersey: Prentice Hall
3. ^ Association, Texas State Historical. "Mexican Americans". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 2024-12-05.
4. "Hispanic or Latino Origin by Specific Origin". census.gov. Retrieved July 13, 2022.
5. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
6. McMillan, Nora E. Ríos. "LA PRENSA." Handbook of Texas. Retrieved on February 13, 2015.
7. ^ Bubenik, Travis (October 5, 2022). "Hispanic students were once segregated at this school. Now it will be a historic site". Npr. Retrieved November 25, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
8. Wills, Matthew (2019-03-26). "The Untold History of Lynching in the American West". JSTOR Daily. Retrieved 2019-04-30.
9. Benavides, Lucia (29 January 2016). "The Texas Rangers Killed Hundreds of Hispanic Americans During the Mexican Revolution". www.kut.org. Retrieved 2019-04-30.
10. "Violent chapter in Texas history known as "La Matanza" or "The Massacre" remembered | History News Network". historynewsnetwork.org. Retrieved 2019-04-30.
11. "Violent chapter in Texas history known as "La Matanza" or "The Massacre" remembered | History News Network". historynewsnetwork.org. Retrieved 2019-04-30.
12. "Refusing to Forget". Refusing to Forget. Retrieved 2019-04-30.
13. James-Gallaway, ArCasia (January 19, 2023). "Under a Black Light: Implications of Mexican American School Segregation Challenges for African Americans in Texas". Teachers College Record. 124 (12): 220–251 – via SageJournals.
14. Allsup, Carl (November 1, 1977). "Education is Our Freedom: The American G. I. Forum and the Mexican American School Segregation in Texas, 1948-1957". International Journal Of Chicano Studies. 8 (1–2): 27–50 – via University of California Press.
15. "Background - Mendez v. Westminster Re-Enactment | United States Courts". www.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2024-12-05.
16. Guadalupe, San-Miguel (December 1982). "Mexican American Organizations And The Changing Politics Of School Desegregation In Texas 1945 to 1980". Social Science Quarterly. 63 (4): 701–715 – via EBSCOhost.
17. Association, Texas State Historical. "Texas Association of Mexican American Chambers of Commerce". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
18. "How the Chicano Movement Championed Mexican‑American Identity and Fought for Change". HISTORY. 2023-07-25. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
19. "Association of Latino Professionals for America".
20. "SPHE".

6. Kanellos, Nicolas and Helvetia Martell. 'Hispanic Periodicals in the United States Origins to 1960s: A Brief History and Comprehensive Bibliography'. Arte Publico Press, 1960.

Further reading

• Anders, Evan. Boss Rule in South Texas: The Progressive Era (U of Texas Press, 1982).
• Arreola, Daniel D. Tejano South Texas (U of Texas Press, 2002)
• Barragán Goetz, Philis. Reading, Writing, and Revolution: Escuelitas and the Emergence of a Mexican American Identity in Texas (U of Texas Press. 2022), winner of multiple prizes
• Castañeda, Carlos E. Our Catholic Heritage in Texas (7 vols., Austin: Von Boeckmann-Jones, 1936–58; reprinted, New York: Arno, 1976).
• De León, Arnoldo. Ethnicity in the Sunbelt: A History of Mexican-Americans in Houston (University of Houston Mexican American Studies Program, 1989).
• De León, Arnoldo. San Angeleños: Mexican Americans in San Angelo, Texas (San Angelo: Fort Concho Museum Press, 1985).
• De León, Arnoldo. They Called Them Greasers: Anglo Attitudes Toward Mexicans in Texas, 1821–1900 (U of Texas Press, 1983).
• De León, Arnoldo, and Kenneth L. Stewart. "Tejano Demographic Patterns and Socio-economic Development," Borderlands Journal 7 (Fall 1983)

• García, Mario T. Desert Immigrants: The Mexicans of El Paso, 1880–1920 (Yale UP, 1981).
• García, Mario T. Mexican Americans: Leadership, Ideology, and Identity, 1930–1960 (Yale UP, 1989).
• García, Richard A. Rise of the Mexican American Middle Class, San Antonio, 1919–1941 (Texas A&M UP, 1991)
• McKenzie, Phyllis. The Mexican Texans. (Texas A&M University Press, 2004). ISBN 1585443077, 9781585443079.
• Menchaca, Martha, The Mexican American Experience in Texas: Citizenship, Segregation, and the Struggle for Equality (U of Texas Press, 2022)
• Montejano, David. Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas, 1836-1986 (U of Texas Press, 1987)
• San Miguel, Jr., Guadalupe. "Let All of Them Take Heed" (U of Texas Press, 1987)
• Zamoro, Emilio, et al. eds. Mexican Americans in Texas History, Selected Essays (Texas State Historical Assn., 2000)
• Zamoro, Emilio, ed. The World of the Mexican Worker in Texas (Texas A&M UP, 2000).

Primary sources

• Steven Mintz, ed. (2009). Mexican American Voices: A Documentary Reader. John Wiley. pp. 122–4. ISBN 9781405182607.

External links

• "Mexican Americans." Handbook of Texas.

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