Bibliography of the Holocaust

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Jews on selection ramp at Auschwitz, May 1944

Nazi Germany
People
Major perpetrators Adolf Hitler Heinrich Himmler Joseph Goebbels Heinrich Müller Reinhard Heydrich Adolf Eichmann Odilo Globocnik Theodor Eicke Richard Glücks Ernst Kaltenbrunner Rudolf Höss Christian Wirth
Organizations
Nazi Party Gestapo Schutzstaffel (SS) Totenkopfverbände (SS-TV) Einsatzgruppen Sturmabteilung (SA) Verfügungstruppe (SS-VT) Wehrmacht Trawniki men
Collaborators during World War II Nazi ideologues

Early policies

Victims

Ghettos

Jewish ghettos in
German-occupied Poland

List of selected ghettos

Camps

Nazi extermination camps
Auschwitz II-Birkenau Bełżec Chełmno Jasenovac Majdanek Sajmište Sobibor Treblinka
Nazi concentration camps
Auschwitz I Bergen-Belsen Bogdanovka Buchenwald Dachau Dora Gonars (Italy) Gross-Rosen Herzogenbusch Janowska Kaiserwald Mauthausen-Gusen Neuengamme Rab Ravensbrück Sachsenhausen Salaspils Stutthof Transnistria (Romania) Theresienstadt Uckermark Warsaw
Transit and collection camps
Belgium Breendonk Mechelen France Gurs Drancy Italy Bolzano Netherlands Amersfoort Westerbork Slovakia Sereď
Divisions
SS-Totenkopfverbände Concentration Camps Inspectorate Politische Abteilung Sanitätswesen
Extermination methods
Gas van Gas chamber Extermination through labour Einsatzgruppen Human medical experimentation

Atrocities

Pogroms
Kristallnacht Bucharest Dorohoi Iași Izieu Szczuczyn Jedwabne Plungė Radziłów pogrom Kaunas Lviv (Lvov) Marseille Tykocin Vel' d'Hiv Wąsosz
Einsatzgruppen
Babi Yar Bydgoszcz Częstochowa Kamianets-Podilskyi Ninth Fort Odessa Piaśnica Ponary Rumbula Erntefest
"Final Solution"
Wannsee Conference Mogilev Conference Operation "Reinhard" Holocaust trains Extermination camps
End of World War II
Wola massacre Death marches

Resistance

Ghetto uprisings
Auschwitz Protocols Vrba–Wetzler report Czesław Mordowicz Jerzy Tabeau Rudolf Vrba Alfréd Wetzler Bricha Jewish partisans Sonderkommando photographs Witold Pilecki Resistance movement in Auschwitz Związek Organizacji Wojskowej Witold's Report
Warsaw Białystok Łachwa Częstochowa

International response Joint Declaration by Members of
the United Nations

Aftermath

Reparations Agreement between
Israel and the Federal Republic of Germany

Lists

Holocaust survivors

Deportations of French Jews
to death camps

Resources

The Destruction of the
European Jews

Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos

Functionalism versus
intentionalism

Remembrance

This is a selected bibliography and other resources for The Holocaust, including prominent primary sources, historical studies, notable survivor accounts and autobiographies, as well as other documentation and further hypotheses.

The Holocaust literature is extensive: The Bibliography on Holocaust Literature (edited by Abraham Edelheit and Hershel Edelheit) in its 1993 update listed around 20,000 items, including books, journal articles, pamphlets, newspaper stories and dissertations. Conversely, in a 1989 publication, Abraham Foxman, the national director of the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) from 1987 to 2015, estimated that there were 200 books denying the Holocaust.

Bibliography

Primary sources

Gemlich letter, 1919
Mein Kampf, 1925
Special Prosecution Book-Poland, 1937–1939
Ringelblum Archive, 1939–1943
Heydrich's Instructions to the Chiefs of the Einsatzgruppen, 21 September 1939
The Black Book, 1940
Goring's Commission to Heydrich, July 31, 1941
Theresienstadt Papers, 1941–44
Jäger Report, 1941
The Polish White Book, 1941
Einsatzgruppen reports, 1941–1942
An Account of a Forced Gravedigger, January 1942
General Plan Ost, June 1942
Himmler's Order', 19 July 1942
Announcement of the Evacuation of the Warsaw Ghetto, 22 July 1942
Circular Memorandum of Himmler, 9 October 1942
Grojanowski Report, 1942
Wilhelm Cornides Report, 1942
Wannsee Conference, 1942
Riegner Telegram, 1942
Protest!, 1942
Raczyński's Note, 1942
The Black Book of Poland, 1942
The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland, 1942
Joint Declaration by Members of the United Nations, 1942
Stroop Report, 1943
Korherr Report, 1943
Katzmann Report, 1943
Höfle Telegram, 1943
Posen speeches, 1943
Witold's Report, 1943
The Black Book of Polish Jewry, 1943
Individual & Mass Behavior in Extreme Situations, 1943
Auschwitz Protocols, 1944
Vrba–Wetzler report, 1944
The Polish Major's Report, 1944
The Black Book of Soviet Jewry, 1944
Höcker Album, 1944–45
Gerstein Report, 1945
Harrison Report, 1945
Auschwitz Report, written 1945, published 2006
Nuremberg Trial Transcripts, Documents & Exhibits, 1946–1948

Early Reports

Some of the information relayed in the Grojanowski Report (from the extermination center at Chelmno), including an estimate of 700 thousand murdered Jews, was broadcast by the BBC on June 2nd, 1942. Mention of several details from this broadcast were recycled and reported on page 5 of the New York Times near the end of that month on June 27th, 1942.

A New York Times article reports on the existence and use of the gas-chambers on November 24th, 1942. It significantly understates the scale of the mass-killing ongoing in the camps, though it does quote the number killed that year at 250,000 and suggests by implication that operations were continuous or otherwise had not concluded. The article appears on page 10 of that day's edition of the New York Times next to an ad for Seagram's Gin much larger than the article itself. This brief mention broadcasts certain basic elements of the Racynski's note, which was not officially circulated as a brochure under the heading "The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland" until several weeks later.

During the Second World War and in its immediate aftermath, many of the documents listed in the "Primary Documents" section above existed alongside a scattering of reports from individual camps such as Bettleheim's "Individual & Mass-Behavior in Extreme Situations"(1943) which appeared in the Journal of Abnormal Psychology. Early book-length works from survivors of the camps that became widely available immediately after the war include Kogon's Theory and Practice of Hell (1st published in 1946 as Der SS-Staat: Das System de Deutschen Konzentrationslager), and Rousset's Other Kingdom (1946).

The Bettleheim paper appearing in the Journal of Abnormal Psychology is a unique document, insofar as it was published while the concentration camps and extermination centers were still in operation and consisted of the testimony of a working psychiatric clinician in an attempt to report on the circumstances from the perspective of a survivor of the camps. However "Individual & Mass Behavior in Extreme Situations"(1943) also represents the limitations of the early reports: Dachau and Buchenwald (where Bettleheim was imprisoned) were not, technically speaking, extermination centers (the gas-chambers were not used for mass-executions in those camps) and thus does not reflect the experience of prisoners in the death-camps in Eastern Europe but speaks to how the system operated within Germany.

Even reports that record massacres, camps and extermination centers in the East during the war such as Raczyński's Note; the Black Book of Polish Jewry (which confines its sample to Poland, and understates, for a variety of reasons, the full scope of ongoing mass-murder); the Black Book of Soviet Jewry (which was compiled and presented for publication during the war but not circulated until after the war); and the Vrba–Wetzler report (which is contains the testimony of two prisoners escaped from Auschwitz-Birkenau, published alongside the testimony of the Jerzy Tabeau, the Polish Major in Auschwitz Protocols) speak only to limited areas within the system of extermination, do not present a full picture of the killing, and were scarcely made available to the larger public due to an editorial policy that questioned the statistics at the time. The Black Book of Soviet Jewry did not circulate during the war, while the Vrba–Wetzler report (April 1944) saw a limited and circumscribed distribution (though it convinced the regent of Hungary to halt transports in June of 1944, which had until then been proceeding at a rate of 12,000 deportees per day). The Black Book of Polish Jewry and even earlier reports in the Allied press presented details, but these documents significantly understate the scale of the killings – due in part to limited information, and in part to a (retrospectively) misplaced sense of discretion and sensitivity to the prevailing attitude of antisemitism amongst all Western powers, whether Allied or Axis: there was a desire to make the reports speak to an audience unconcerned about the fate of Jews.

Articles such as the report on atrocities in the May 7th, 1945 issue of Life Magazine (7 May 1945, 31–37) began the process of substantively documenting and revealing aspects of what had happened to the global public whereas before knowledge of the mass-killings and the gas-chambers – though alluded to, for example, in speeches by Churchill (24 August 1941 broadcast, re: 'Appeal to Roosevelt') – and reported by rumor or anecdote, remained hazy and fragmentary in public consciousness. Many of the earliest accounts came from individual camps and the documents listed above – most substantially the Nuremberg Trial documents – but these remained obscure apart from high-level (or generally vague) quotation in journalism.

First Histories: Early Attempts at a Comprehensive Presentation

Early major attempts at systematic scholarship or overviews of the whole system and process of Nazi genocide include:

Origins of Totalitarianism (1951) by Hannah Arendt
The Final Solution (1953) by Gerald Reitlinger
The Destruction of the European Jews (1961) by Raul Hilberg

Historical studies

Bauer, Yehuda (2001). Rethinking the Holocaust. Yale University Press. ISBN 0300082568.
Bauer, Yehuda (1994). Jews for Sale? Nazi-Jewish Negotiations 1933–1945. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-06852-2.
Berenbaum, Michael (1990). A Mosaic of Victims: Non-Jews Persecuted and Murdered by the Nazis.
Bergen, Doris (2009). War and Genocide: Concise History of the Holocaust.
Berkhoff, Karel C. (2004). Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine under Nazi Rule. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674013131.
Biesold, Horst (1999). Crying Hands: Eugenics and Deaf People In Nazi Germany. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet University Press. ISBN 1563680777.
Black, Edwin (1984). The Transfer Agreement.
Black, Edwin (2001). IBM and the Holocaust.
Black, Edwin (2009). Nazi Nexus: America's Corporate Connections to Hitler's Holocaust. Dialog Press. ISBN 978-0-914153-09-2.
Black, Edwin (2010). The Farhud: The Arab-Nazi Alliance in the Holocaust. Dialog Press. ISBN 978-0-914153-14-6.
Braham, Randolph (1994) . The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-88033-247-6.
Braham, Randolph (2011). The Auschwitz Reports and the Holocaust in Hungary. Columbia University Press.
Broszat, Martin (1985). "Hitler and the Genesis of the 'Final Solution': An Assessment of David Irving's Theses". In H. W. Koch (ed.). Aspects of the Third Reich. London: Macmillan. pp. 390–429. ISBN 0-333-35272-6.
Browning, Christopher (2004). The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 9780803213272.
Browning, Christopher (1992). Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland. HarperCollins. ISBN 9780060190132.
Burleigh, Michael; Wippermann, Wolfgang (1985). The Racial State: Germany 1933–1945. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-39114-8.
Chalmers, Beverley (2015). Birth, Sex and Abuse: Women's Voices Under Nazi Rule. Grosvenor House Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1781483534.
Davidowicz, Lucy (1975). The War Against the Jews : 1933–1945.
Davies, Norman; Lukas, Richard C. (2001) . Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation.
Dean, Martin (2008). Robbing the Jews: The Confiscation of Jewish Property in the Holocaust. Cambridge University Press.
Dlugoborski, Waclaw; Piper, Franciszek, eds. (2000). Auschwitz 1940–1945: Central Issues in the History of the Camp. Vol. 1–5. ISBN 83-85047-87-5.
Dwork, Deborah; van Pelt, Robert Jan (1996). Auschwitz: 1270 to the Present. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393039337.
Dwork, Deborah; van Pelt, Robert Jan (2002). Holocaust: A History. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393051889.
Ehrenreich, Eric (2007). The Nazi Ancestral Proof: Genealogy, Racial Science, and the Final Solution. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34945-3.
Evans, Suzanne (2004). Forgotten Crimes: The Holocaust and People with Disabilities. Ivan R. Dee. ISBN 9781566635653.
Friedländer, Saul (1998). The Years of Persecution: Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1933–1939. Vol. 1.
Friedländer, Saul (2007). The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1939–1945. Vol. 2. HarperCollins.
Friedlander, Henry (1995). The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution.
Gilbert, Martin (1981). Auschwitz and the Allies. Michael Joseph/Rainbird. ISBN 9780718120177.
Gilbert, Martin (1985). The Holocaust: A History of the Jews of Europe during the Second World War. Macmillan. ISBN 0-8050-0348-7.
Gilbert, Martin (2009) . The Routledge Atlas of the Holocaust, 4th edition. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780415484817.
Goldhagen, Daniel Jonah (1997). Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust. Vintage.
Grau, Gunter; Shoppmann, Claudia (1995). The Hidden Holocaust?: Gay and Lesbian Persecution in Germany 1933–45.
Gutman, Israel; Gutman, Yisrael; Berenbaum, Michael (1994). Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp. Bloomington. ISBN 0-253-32684-2.
Heberer, Patricia (2011). Children During the Holocaust. Lanham, Md.: AltaMira Press. ISBN 9780759119840.
Hedgepeth, Sonja; Saidel, Rochelle (2010). Sexual Violence against Jewish Women during the Holocaust.
Hilberg, Raul (2003) . The Destruction of the European Jews. Vol. 1–3.
Hilberg, Raul (1992). Perpetrators, Victims, Bystanders: The Jewish Catastrophe 1933–1945. Aaron Asher Books. ISBN 9780060190354.
Kaufman, Max. Khurbn Letland or The Destruction of Jews in Latvia (1947) Hartung Gorre-Verlag ISBN 9783866283152
Kay, A. J. (2021). Empire of Destruction: A History of Nazi Mass Killing. Yale University Press.
Klempner, Mark (2006). The Heart Has Reasons: Holocaust Rescuers and Their Stories of Courage. The Pilgrim Press. ISBN 0-8298-1699-2.
Lewy, Gunter (2000). The Nazi Persecution of the Gypsies. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195125568.
Longerich, Peter (2010). Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews. Oxford: University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280436-5.
Lusane, Clarence (2002). Hitler's Black Victims: The Historical Experience of Afro-Germans, European Blacks, Africans and African Americans in the Nazi Era.
Dalia, Ofer; Weitzman, Lenore (1998). Women in the Holocaust. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300073542.
Peukert, Detlev (1994). "The Genesis of the 'Final Solution' from the Spirit of Science". In Thomas Childers; Jane Caplan (eds.). Reevaluating the Third Reich. New York: Holmes & Meier. pp. 234–252. ISBN 0-8419-1178-9.
Plant, Richard (1986). The Pink Triangle: The Nazi War Against Homosexuals. New York: Henry Holt.
Poliakov, Léon (1979) . Harvest of Hate: The Nazi Program for the Destruction of the Jews of Europe. New York: Schocken Books. ISBN 0896040062.
Pringle, Heather (2006). The Master Plan: Himmler's Scholars and the Holocaust. London: Fourth Estate. ISBN 9780786868865.
Ioanid, Radu (2001). The Holocaust in Romania: The Destruction of Jews and Gypsies Under the Antonescu Regime, 1940–1944. Ivan R. Dee. ISBN 9781566632560.
Rees, Laurence (2017). The Holocaust: A New History. London: Viking Press. ISBN 978-1610398442.
Reitlinger, Gerald (1987) . The Final Solution: The Attempt to Exterminate the Jews of Europe, 1939–1945. Northvale, N.J.; London: Jason Aronson. ISBN 9780876689516.
Rhodes, Richard (2002). Masters of Death: The SS-Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 9780375409004.
Satloff, Robert (2006). Among the Righteous: Lost Stories from the Holocaust's Long Reach into Arab Lands. Public Affairs. ISBN 9781586485108.
Rossel, Seymour (1992). The Holocaust: The World and the Jews, 1933–1945. Behrman House. ISBN 9780874415261.
Schleunes, Karl A. (1970). The Twisted Road to Auschwitz: Nazi Policy Toward German Jews. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252000928.
Snyder, Timothy (2010). Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. London: The Bodley Head. ISBN 978-0-224-08141-2.
Snyder, Timothy (2015). Black Earth: The Holocaust as History & Warning. Crown (Reprint), 2015. ISBN 9781101903476
Stone, Dan, ed. (2004). The Historiography of the Holocaust. New York: Palgrave.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (1996). Historical Atlas of the Holocaust. MacMillan. ISBN 9780028974514.
Wilkes, Helen Waldstein (2009). Letters from the Lost: A Memoir of Discovery.
Yahil, Leni (1990). The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, 1932–1945. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.

Selected accounts by survivors

Améry, Jean (1980). At the Mind's Limits: Contemplations by a Survivor on Auschwitz and its Realities.
Beck, Gad (1999). An Underground Life: Memoirs of a Gay Jew in Nazi Berlin. Univ of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299165048.
Bettelheim, Bruno (1943) "Individual and Mass Behavior in Extreme Situations", Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 38: 417–452
Blitz Konig, Nanette (2018). Holocaust Memoirs of a Bergen-Belsen Survivor and Classmate of Anne Frank. Amsterdam Publishers. ISBN 9789492371614.
Buber-Neumann, Margarete (1949). Under Two Dictators: Prisoner of Stalin and Hitler. London: Victor Gollancz.
Delbo, Charlotte (1995). Auschwitz and After. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300062083.
Dittman, Anita (2005). Trapped in Hitler's Hell. ISBN 0-9721512-8-1.
Dunn, Krista Perry (2006). The Courtship of Julian and Frieda: A True Story. Xlibris. ISBN 1-4134-8641-X.
Frankl, Viktor E. (1997) . Man's Search for Meaning.
Gerrard, Mady (2008). Full Circle. KLPM. ISBN 978-0955865008.
Gutman, Israel (1994). Resistance: The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0395601991.
Gradowski, Zalman (1943). From the Heart of Hell: A Diary of Auschwitz. Zalman was murdered in Auschwitz, but his diary survived buried next to a cresmstorium.
Heger, Heinz (1994). Men With the Pink Triangle: The True, Life-And-Death Story of Homosexuals in the Nazi Death Camps. Alyson Publications. ISBN 9781555830069.
Kertész, Imre (1975). Fatelessness.
Klemperer, Victor (1998). I Will Bear Witness: A Diary of the Nazi Years 1933–1941. ISBN 0679456961.
Klemperer, Victor (1998). I Will Bear Witness: A Diary of the Nazi Years 1942–1945. ISBN 9780375502408.
Klüger, Ruth (1992). Still Alive: A Holocaust Girlhood Remembered. Eine Jugend.
Kogon, Eugen (1974). Der SS-Staat. Das System der deutschen Konzentrationslager (in German).
Kovály, Heda Margolius (1985). Under a Cruel Star.
Lambert, Raymond-Raoul (1985). Cohen, Richard I. (ed.). Carnet d'un témoin: 1940–1943 (in French). Fayard. ISBN 978-2-213-01549-1.

Lambert, Raymond-Raoul (15 October 2007). Cohen, Richard I. (ed.). Diary of a witness 1940–1943: The experience of French Jews in The Holocaust. Translated by Best, Isabel. Ivan R. Dee. ISBN 978-1-56663-740-4.

Lengyel, Olga (2003) . Five Chimneys: The Story of Auschwitz. Chicago, Ill.: Academy Chicago Publishers.
Levi, Primo (1995). If This Is a Man.
Levi, Primo (1995). The Truce.
Levi, Primo (1985). The Drowned and the Saved.
Lusseyran, Jacques (1998). And There Was Light: Autobiography of Jacques Lusseyran, Blind Hero of the French Resistance. Parabola Books. ISBN 9780930407407.
Müller, Filip (1999) . Eyewitness Auschwitz: Three Years in the Gas Chambers at Auschwitz. Ivan R. Dee. ISBN 9781566632713.
Nomberg-Przytyk, Sara (1985). Auschwitz: True Tales from a Grotesque Land. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780807816295.
Nyiszli, Miklós (1993) . Auschwitz: A Doctor's Eyewitness Account. New York: Arcade Publishing. ISBN 1559702028.
Orenstein, Henry (1987). I Shall Live: Surviving Against All Odds, 1939–1945. Beaufort Books. ISBN 0-8253-0441-5.
Rekhtman, Moyshe (2008). Here My Home Once Stood. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-0-615-21703-1.
Rittner, Carol; Roth, John K. (1998). Different Voices: Women and the Holocaust.
Seel, Pierre (1995). I, Pierre Seel, Deported Homosexual: Memoir of Nazi Terror. Basic Books. ISBN 9780465045006.
Stojka, Ceija (1988). We Live in Seclusion: The Memories of a Romni.
Smith, Lyn (2005). Forgotten Voices of the Holocaust. Ebury Press. ISBN 978-0-09-189826-7.
Steinberg, Manny (2014). Outcry: Holocaust Memoirs. Amsterdam Publishers. ISBN 978-9-082103137.
Vrba, Rudolf (1964) . I Cannot Forgive. Grove Press. Also published as: Factory of Death; Escape from Auschwitz: I Cannot Forgive; 44070: The Conspiracy of the Twentieth Century; I Escaped from Auschwitz
Klein, Gerda Weissmann (1995). All But My Life.
Wiesenthal, Simon (1997). The Sunflower: On the Possibilities and Limits of Forgiveness.
Wetzler, Alfréd (2007). Escape from Hell: The True Story of the Auschwitz Protocol. Berghahn Books.
Winter, Walter (2004). Winter Time: Memoirs of a German Sinto who Survived Auschwitz.
Zuckerman, Yitzhak (1993). A Surplus of Memory: Chronicle of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520078413.

Selected semi-autobiographical accounts by survivors

Berger, Zdena (1961). Tell Me Another Morning. Harper & Brothers. ISBN 9781930464100
Borowski, Tadeusz (1967). This Way for the Gas, Ladies and Gentlemen.
Fink, Ida (1995) . Scrap of Time and Other Stories. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press. ISBN 0810112590.
Spiegelman, Art (1986). Maus: A Survivor's Tale. Volume 1: My Father Bleeds History; Volume 2: Here My Troubles Began.
Weil, Jiří (1998) . Life With a Star. Northwestern University Press. ISBN 9780810116856.
Wiesel, Elie (1960). Night. Hill & Wang.
Greenfield, Hana (1998). Fragments of Memory. Gefen Publishing House. ISBN 9789652291851.

Hypotheses and historiography

Agamben, Giorgio (1999). Remnants of Auschwitz: The Witness and the Archive.
Bloxham, Donald (2009). The Final Solution: A Genocide.
Arendt, Hannah (1963). Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil.
Cherry, Robert (1999). "Holocaust Historiography: The Role of the Cold War". Science & Society. 63 (4): 459–477. JSTOR 40403812.
Cole, Tim (1999). Selling the Holocaust. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0415925819.
Dippel, John V. H. (1996). Bound Upon a Wheel of Fire: Why So Many German Jews Made the Tragic Decision to Remain in Nazi Germany. Basic Books. ISBN 9780465091034.
Feig, Konnilyn (1981) . Hitler's Death Camps: The Sanity of Madness. New York; London: Holmes & Meier.
Finkelstein, Norman G.; Birn, Ruth Bettina (1998). A Nation on Trial: The Goldhagen Thesis and Historical Truth.
Kershaw, Ian (1985). The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation. London: Hodder Arnold. ISBN 9780713164084.
Lawson, Tom (2010). Debates on the Holocaust. University of Manchester Press.
Leff, Laurel (2005). Buried By The Times: The Holocaust And America's Most Important Newspaper. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-81287-9.
Linden, R. Ruth (1995) . Making Stories, Making Selves: Feminist Reflections on the Holocaust. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
Lipstadt, Deborah (1994). Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory. Free Press. ISBN 9780029192351.
Marrus, Michael (2000) . The Holocaust in History. Toronto: Key Porter Books. ISBN 9781552631201.
Mason, Timothy. "Intention and Explanation: A Current Controversy about the Interpretation of National Socialism". In Marrus, Michael R. (ed.). The Nazi Holocaust Part 3, The "Final Solution": The Implementation of Mass Murder. Vol. 1. Westpoint, CT: Mecler. pp. 3–20.
Niewyk, Donald L. (1992). Holocaust: Problems & Perspective of Interpretation.
Novick, Peter (1999). The Holocaust in American Life. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 9780395840092.
Rosenbaum, Alan S., ed. (2001) . Is the Holocaust Unique?: Perspectives on Comparative Genocide. Westview Press. ISBN 9780813336862.
Shepherd, Ben (2016). Hitler's Soldiers: The German Army in the Third Reich. New Haven London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17903-3.
Troncoso, Sergio (2003). The Nature of Truth.
Weiss, John (1997). Ideology of Death: Why the Holocaust Happened in Germany.
Wolffsohn, Michael (1993). Eternal Guilt?: Forty years of German-Jewish-Israeli Relations. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-08274-6.

Selected filmography

America and the Holocaust The American Experience. 1994, 2005 WGBH Educational Foundation, ISBN 1-59375-235-0
Auschwitz: The Nazis and the 'Final Solution', BBC. 2005.
Daring to Resist: Three Women Face the Holocaust is a 57-minute documentary from 1999 which tells the stories of three Jewish teenagers who resisted the Nazis: Faye Schulman, a photographer and partisan fighter in the forests of Poland (now Belarus); Barbara Rodbell, a ballerina in Amsterdam who delivered underground newspapers and secured food and transportation for Jews in hiding; and Shulamit Lack, who acquired false papers and a safe house for Jews attempting to escape from Hungary. The movie was produced and directed by Barbara Attie and Martha Goell Lubell, and narrated by Janeane Garofalo.
Genocide (1981 film) documents the history of the Holocaust and won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.
Into the Arms of Strangers: Stories of the Kindertransport
Liebe Perla is a 53-minute documentary that documents Nazi Germany's brutality towards disabled people through the exploration of a friendship between two women with dwarfism: Hannelore Witkofski of Germany and Perla Ovitz, who at the time of filming was living in Israel. Perla Ovitz was experimented on by Joseph Mengele during the Nazi regime. The film was made by Shahar Rozen in Israel and Germany in 1999, and it is in German and Hebrew with English subtitles.
Memory of the Camps, as shown by PBS Frontline
Night and Fog, 1955, directed by Alain Resnais, narrated by Michel Bouquet.
One Survivor Remembers is a 1995 Oscar-winning documentary (40 minutes) in which Holocaust survivor Gerda Weissmann Klein describes her six-year ordeal as a victim of Nazi cruelty.
Paper clips
Paragraph 175 is an 81-minute documentary directed by Rob Epstein and Jeffrey Friedman that discusses the plight of gays and lesbians during the Nazi regime using interviews with all of the known gay and lesbian survivors of this era, five gay men and one lesbian.
Shoah is a nine-hour documentary completed by Claude Lanzmann in 1985. The film, unlike most historical documentaries, does not feature reenactments or historical photos; instead it consists of interviews with people who were involved in various ways in the Holocaust, and visits to different places they discuss.
The Sorrow and the Pity, 1972, directed by Marcel Ophüls.
Swimming in Auschwitz is a 2007 documentary which interweaves the stories of six Jewish women who were imprisoned inside the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp during the Holocaust. The women all survived and tell their stories in person in the documentary; at the time of its filming they were all living in Los Angeles.

External links

General sites

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933-1945, volume 1 (First released in June 2009).
H-HOLOCAUST, H-Net discussion list for scholars and advanced students
Holocaust Survivors and Remembrance Project: "Forget You Not" a Holocaust primer.
UK Holocaust Centre Owned and run by the Aegis Trust, an independent international organisation dedicated to eliminating genocide
Resources > Holocaust. The Jewish History Resource Center, Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Includes the extensive Holocaust Encyclopedia and large collections of maps and photos, one of the most comprehensive sites.
Yad Vashem- Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority. Extensive archives with searchable databases of victims, photos, extremely comprehensive
The Ghetto Fighters' House (museum and study center in Israel) Searchable online archives on the Holocaust and Jewish resistance
The Holocaust, Crimes, Heroes And Villains.
The Holocaust Children
Never Again! an online memorial
The Holocaust "children's voices from beyond"
The Holocaust Chronicle. The full 800 page book online, with photos and search features.
The Holocaust Chronology (PBS)
The Holocaust History Project, General site with large Q&A section, as well as works by Jean-Claude Pressac
World Holocaust Forum "Let My People Live!"
Short Stories About the Holocaust
The Journey, by surgeon E. T. Rulison, Jr., M.D., F.A.C.S., Archived 2011-11-20 at the Wayback Machine first-hand account and photographs of the 51st Evacuation Hospital during World War II
"The Case of Archbishop Stepinac: How the Catholic Clergy Helped Run Ustashe (i.e., Nazi) Croatia"; Published by the Yugoslav Embassy, Washington, DC, 1947; reprinted at http://emperors-clothes.com/croatia/stepinac1.htm
Holocaust table: The partition of the 6 million figure: Holocaust with tunnel systems, bunker constructioning and Stalin deportations etc. (neutral site with the new Gorbatchev documents included)
Documents on the Holocaust at the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
The Kindertransport A study of the kindertransport and testimonies from the children who took part in it.
The Simon Wiesenthal Center An international Jewish human rights organization
Holocaust Survivors Oral History Project at the University of South Florida
Holocaust and Genocide Studies Center at the University of South Florida
Holocaust Centre of New Zealand

Holocaust education

An artistic portrayal of the Holocaust and its significance (Artist: Stan Lebovic) The artwork, developed for Black is a Color, is meant to depict the heroic posture humanity has assumed in this post-Holocaust world, and present it to both humanity and God. For humanity it should serve as a reminder of the worth of their actions, and for God a testament to the worth of God's creations.
The Holocaust Education Development Programme (HEDP). The Holocaust Education Development Programme (HEDP) is run by the Institute of Education (IOE), University of London and jointly funded by the Pears Foundation and the Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF) with support from the Holocaust Educational Trust (HET). Its overarching aim is to help teachers teach about the Holocaust in effective and thought-provoking ways.
Millersville University Annual Holocaust Conference
"Remember Our Faces"--Teaching about the Holocaust. Archived 2012-02-04 at the Wayback Machine
Belief in God After the Holocaust
Rut Matthijsen Excerpt: A Holocaust Rescuer Discusses How the Holocaust Might Best Be Taught

Victim information and databases

Documentation and evidence

C-SPAN BookTV: Interview with Geoffrey Megargee editor of Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933-1945
Detailed answers to Holocaust denial from the Nizkor Project
Documents on the Holocaust
Documentary Resources on the Nazi Genocide and its Denial
Canadian War Museum World War II Newspaper Archives - The Holocaust
Memorial to those who suffered at the eleven Kaufering concentration camps, located in the general area of Landsberg and Kaufering, Germany. Archived 2012-02-04 at the Wayback Machine
photos of victims, camps, liberation

Other

Interviews from the Underground: Eyewitness accounts of Russia's Jewish resistance during World War II, a documentary film and website.
Post Holocaust Research Study focusing on Third Generation Holocaust Survivors
Reich, Tova (2007). My Holocaust. HarperCollins. ISBN 9780061173455.
Album Reveals Behind-Scenes Activities at Auschwitz
Auschwitz through the lens of the SS: Photos of Nazi leadership at the camp
'You Have a Mother' (Jan. 2015), describing Holocaust survivor Lola Mozes' experiences as a child in Nazi camps. By Chris Hedges in Truthdig. The Ghetto Archived 2016-06-13 at the Wayback Machine (June 2016), Hedges interviews Lola Mozes as she recounts her experience living in Nazi-occupied Poland, three-part video interview, The Real News
Writing as Resistance (July 2015), describing the writings of inhabitants of the Warsaw Ghetto who buried their accounts of the ghetto (in the hope it would be unearthed later) as German forces were liquidating the Jewish population of the ghetto. By Chris Hedges in Truthdig
A Liberator, But Never Free (May 2015). "A US Army doctor helped free the Dachau concentration camp in 1945, meticulously documenting his experiences in letters home to his wife. Hidden for the remainder of his life, the letters have resurfaced, and with them, questions about the G.I.'s we know only as heroes." The New Republic
Máximo, João Carlos (2015), "Não Há Aves em Sobibor", Chiado Editora. ISBN 978-989-51-2276-9.
Dispossession: Plundering German Jewry, 1933-1953, Jonathan Zatlin and Christoph Kreutzmüller, University of Michigan Press,ISBN 978-0472132034

References

Bloomberg, Marty; Barrett, Buckley Barry (1995). The Jewish Holocaust: an annotated guide to books in English. Studies in Judaica and the Holocaust (2nd ed., rev. and expanded ed.). San Bernardino, Calif: Borgo Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-8095-0406-0.
Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust: A Department of Defense Guide for Commemorative Observance. Office of the Secretary of Defense. 1989. p. 123.
Dr. Hans Ehlich & Dr. Konrad Meyer under supervision of Heinrich Himmler (June 1942). Facsimile of Dossier for Generalplan Ost from the Bundesarchiv.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
"BBC: 700,000 Jews killed in Poland". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2024-03-19.
"TimesMachine: Saturday June 27, 1942 – NYTimes.com". The New York Times. Retrieved 2024-03-19.
^ MacDonald, James (24 November 1942). "Himmler Program Kills Jews". New York Times. p. 10.
"Mass Extermination of Jews in Occupied Poland" (PDF). Republic of Poland, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 10 December 1942.
Bettelheim, Bruno (October 1943). "Individual and mass behavior in extreme situations". The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 38 (4): 417–452. doi:10.1037/h0061208. ISSN 0096-851X.
Apenszlak Jacob (1943). Black Book Of Polish Jewry.
^ Fleming, Michael (2014). Auschwitz, the Allies and censorship of the Holocaust. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 190–194. ISBN 978-1-107-06279-5.
^ Leff, Laurel (2006). Buried by the Times: the Holocaust and America's most important newspaper. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-60782-7.
"Daring to Resist: Three Women Face the Holocaust - Educational Media Reviews Online (EMRO)". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
^ "PBS - Daring To Resist". PBS. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
"Daring to Resist: Three Women Face the Holocaust". Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
"Liebe Perla: a complex friendship and lost disability history captured on film". Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2011-06-26.
"New International Film Explores Disability & the Holocaust". Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2011-06-26.
"Book and Movie Reviews". Tennessee Tech. Archived from the original on 2012-03-26. Retrieved 2011-06-29.
"Paragraph 175". Imageout.org. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
"Paragraph 175". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 2011-06-23. Retrieved 2011-06-26.
"Entry not found in index season NOT FOUND". Archived from the original on 2012-01-12. Retrieved 2011-06-28.
"The PBS documentary "Swimming in Auschwitz" is a Thursday TV pick". The Seattle Times. April 23, 2009.
"Holocaust Survivors talk in 'Swimming in Auschwitz'. International Premiere at DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE FILM FESTIVAL: London June 1st-7th". jewswire.com. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2016.

The Holocaust

By territory	Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Bohemia and Moravia Slovakia Sudetenland Denmark Estonia France Germany Greece Bulgarian-occupied Greece Hungary Italy and colonies Libya Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Romania Soviet Union Belarus Russia Ukraine Yugoslavia Croatia Serbia
Overview	Evidence and documentation Contemporary knowledge Hidden children Timeline
Response	International response Japan Philippines Portugal Spain Sweden Turkey United States Vatican Rescue of Jews by Catholics by Poles Righteous Among the Nations

Camps and ghettos

Concentration

Extermination

Transit

Methods

Nazi units

Ghettos (list)

Poland	Białystok Kraków Łódź Lublin Lwów Radom Warsaw
Elsewhere	Budapest Kovno Minsk Riga Theresienstadt Vilna
Judenrat	Jewish Ghetto Police Reich Association of Jews in Germany Ústredňa Židov

Victims

Jews

Roundups	Izieu Marseille Vel' d'Hiv
Pogroms	Kristallnacht Bucharest Dorohoi Iași 1941 pogroms in eastern Poland Jedwabne Lviv in Lithuania Kaunas
"Final Solution"	Wannsee Conference Operation Reinhard Holocaust trains
Mass executions	Einsatzgruppen Babi Yar Harvest Festival Kamianets-Podilskyi Maly Trostenets Ninth Fort Odesa Piaśnica Ponary Rumbula
Resistance	Jewish partisans Bielski partisans Ghetto uprisings Warsaw Białystok Częstochowa
Rescue	Aid and Rescue Committee Attack on the twentieth convoy Kastner train Le Chambon-sur-Lignon Danish underground Working Group Żegota

Others

Responsibility

List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust

Organizations	Nazi Party Schutzstaffel (SS) Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) Referat IV B4 Sicherheitsdienst (SD) Ordnungspolizei (Orpo) Waffen-SS Wehrmacht
Units	Einsatzgruppen Police Regiments Order Police battalions
Collaborators	Arajs Kommando Lithuanian Security Police Nederlandsche SS Rollkommando Hamann Special Brigades Topf and Sons Trawnikis Ukrainian Auxiliary Police Ypatingasis būrys

Early elements
Aftermath
Remembrance

Early elements	Nazi racial policy Nazi eugenics Nuremberg Laws Haavara Agreement Hitler's prophecy Jewish war conspiracy theory Jewish emigration Kindertransport Madagascar Plan Nisko Plan Forced euthanasia (Action T4)
Aftermath	Depopulated shtetls Holocaust survivors Sh'erit ha-Pletah Bricha List Postwar violence Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law Nuremberg trials Eichmann trial Holocaust restitution Reparations Agreement Holocaust denial trivialization
History and memory	Academia Books and other resources Days of remembrance Education Films Lessons Memorials and museums Uniqueness Armenian genocide and the Holocaust Humor Righteous Among the Nations Yad Vashem Yizkor books "Never again"

World War II

General

Topics	Air warfare of World War II In Europe Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Declarations of war Diplomacy Governments in exile Home front Australian United Kingdom United States Lend-Lease Manhattan Project British contribution Military awards Military equipment Military production Naval history Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Mulberry harbour Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Music in World War II Weather events during World War II
Theaters	Asia and Pacific China South-East Asia Pacific North and Central Pacific South-West Pacific Indian Ocean Europe Western Front Eastern Front Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic timeline Americas
Aftermath	Chinese Civil War Cold War Decolonization Division of Korea First Indochina War Expulsion of Germans Greek Civil War Indonesian National Revolution Keelhaul Marshall Plan Occupation of Germany Occupation of Japan Osoaviakhim Paperclip Soviet occupations Baltic Hungary Poland Romania Territorial changes of Germany Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany United Nations
War crimes	Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes British war crimes United States war crimes German war crimes forced labour Wehrmacht war crimes The Holocaust Aftermath Response Nuremberg trials Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Nanjing Massacre Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes Genocide of Serbs Persecution of Jews Romanian war crimes Sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Germany / Japan / Poland Rape during the liberation of France / Serbia Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Manila Marocchinate

Participants

Allies	Algeria Australia Belgium Brazil Bulgaria (from September 1944) Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) Finland (from September 1944) France Free France Greece India Italy (from September 1943) Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands Newfoundland New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Romania (from August 1944) Sierra Leone South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union Tuva United Kingdom British Empire United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia
Axis	Albania protectorate Bulgaria (until September 1944) Wang Jingwei regime Independent State of Croatia Finland (until September 1944) German Reich Hungary Azad Hind French Indochina Iraq Italy (until September 1943) Italian Social Republic Empire of Japan Manchukuo Philippines Romania (until August 1944) Slovak Republic Thailand Vichy France Collaboration
Neutral	Afghanistan Andorra Bhutan Ireland Liechtenstein Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Tibet Vatican City
Resistance	Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Dutch East Indies Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jews Korea Korean Liberation Army Korean Volunteer Army Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Quốc dân Đảng Viet Minh Yugoslavia
POWs	Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union German prisoners Soviet Union Azerbaijan United States United Kingdom Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners Soviet Union German atrocities against Polish POWs Soviet prisoners Finland atrocities by Germans Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union

Timeline

Prelude	Africa Second Italo-Ethiopian War Asia Second Sino-Japanese War Battles of Khalkhin Gol Europe Anschluss Munich Agreement Occupation of Czechoslovakia Operation Himmler Italian invasion of Albania
1939	Invasion of Poland Battle of the Atlantic Phoney War First Battle of Changsha Battle of South Guangxi Winter War 1939–1940 Winter Offensive
1940	Norwegian campaign German invasion of Denmark Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang German invasion of Luxembourg German invasion of the Netherlands German invasion of Belgium Battle of France Dunkirk evacuation Battle of Britain Battle of the Mediterranean North Africa West Africa British Somaliland Hundred Regiments Offensive Baltic states Eastern Romania Japanese invasion of French Indochina Italian invasion of Greece Compass
1941	Battle of South Henan Battle of Shanggao Invasion of Yugoslavia German invasion of Greece Battle of Crete Anglo-Iraqi War Battle of South Shanxi Syria–Lebanon campaign East African campaign Invasion of the Soviet Union Summer War Finland (Silver Fox) Lithuania Battle of Kiev Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran Second Battle of Changsha Siege of Leningrad Battle of Moscow Bombing of Gorky Siege of Sevastopol Attack on Pearl Harbor Japanese invasion of Thailand Fall of Hong Kong Fall of the Philippines Battle of Guam Battle of Wake Island Malayan campaign Battle of Borneo Japanese invasion of Burma Third Battle of Changsha Greek famine of 1941–1944
1942	Fall of Singapore Battle of the Java Sea St Nazaire Raid Battle of Christmas Island Battle of the Coral Sea Battle of Madagascar Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign Battle of Gazala Battle of Dutch Harbor Battle of Midway Aleutian Islands campaign Kiska Attu Blue First Battle of El Alamein Battle of Stalingrad Kokoda Track campaign Rzhev Jubilee Second Battle of El Alamein Guadalcanal campaign Torch Chinese famine of 1942–1943
1943	Black May Tunisian campaign Battle of West Hubei Battle of Attu Bombing of Gorky Battle of Kursk Allied invasion of Sicily Smolensk Solomon Islands campaign Cottage Battle of the Dnieper Allied invasion of Italy Armistice of Cassibile Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde Second Battle of Kiev Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign Tarawa Makin Bengal famine of 1943
1944	Tempest Monte Cassino / Anzio Korsun–Cherkassy Narva Ichi-Go Overlord Neptune Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Second Battle of Guam Tannenberg Line Warsaw Uprising Eastern Romania Liberation of Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Belgrade offensive Lapland Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 Philippines (1944–1945) Leyte Syrmian Front Hungary Budapest Burma (1944–1945) Ardennes Bodenplatte Dutch famine of 1944–1945
1945	Vistula–Oder Battle of Manila Battle of Iwo Jima Indochina Vienna offensive Project Hula Western invasion of Germany Bratislava–Brno offensive Battle of Okinawa Second Guangxi campaign West Hunan Italy (Spring 1945) Battle of Berlin Prague offensive Surrender of Germany document Borneo Taipei Naval bombardment of Japan Manchuria Atomic bombings Debate South Sakhalin Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan Potsdam Declaration document End of World War II in Asia

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