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Horwennefer (Ancient Egyptian: ḥr-wnn-nfr "Horus-Onnophris"; Ancient Greek: Άροννώφρις Haronnṓphris) was an Upper Egyptian who led Upper Egypt in secession from the rule of Ptolemy IV Philopator in 205 BC. No monuments are attested to this king but along with his successor Ankhwennefer (also known as Chaonnophris or Ankhmakis) he held a large part of Egypt until 186 BC. A graffito dating to about 201 BC on a wall of the mortuary Temple of Seti I at Abydos, in which his name is written Ὑργοναφορ (Hyrgonaphor), is an attestation to the extent of his influence and the ideology of his reign. He appears to have died before 197 BC.

The Abydene graffito, one of the few documents remaining from his reign, is written in Egyptian using Greek letters, the oldest testimony of a development which would end in the Coptic script replacing the native Egyptian demotic.

In popular culture

A war elephant named Herwennefer can be found in the 2017 action-adventure video game, Assassin's Creed: Origins.

References

1. Hölbl, Günther (2000). History of the Ptolemaic Empire. Routledge. pp. 155ff.
2. Pfeiffer, Stefan (2015). Griechische und lateinische Inschriften zum Ptolemäerreich und zur römischen Provinz Aegyptus. Einführungen und Quellentexte zur Ägyptologie (in German). Vol. 9. Münster: Lit. pp. 108–110.
3. "Willy Clarysse (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven), The Great Revolt of the Egyptians, Lecture held at the Center for the Tebtunis Papyri, University of California at Berkeley, on March 16, 2004, accessed 15 August 2006". Archived from the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 15 August 2006.

Bibliography

• Mélèze-Modrzejewski, Joseph (1997). The Jews of Egypt: From Rameses II to Emperor Hadrian. Princeton University Press. p. 150.

• 3rd-century BC pharaohs
• 2nd-century BC pharaohs
• Non-dynastic pharaohs
• Egyptian rebels
• 190s BC deaths
• People from the Ptolemaic Kingdom
• Ancient rebels
• 3rd-century BC rebels