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Hymenaea verrucosa
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Fabales
Family:	Fabaceae
Genus:	Hymenaea
Species:	H. verrucosa
Binomial name
Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.
Synonyms
Trachylobium gaertnerianum Hayne Trachylobium hornemannianum Hayne Trachylobium lamarckeanum Hayne Trachylobium mossambicense Klotzsch Trachylobium verrucosum (Gaertn.) Oliv.

Hymenaea verrucosa (commonly known as Zanzibar copal, East African copal, or amber tree) is a species of flowering plant in the legume family, Fabaceae. It belongs to the paraphyletic subfamily Caesalpinioideae. It is a large tree native to the tropical regions of East Africa and is cultivated in many tropical parts of the world. The species is currently treated as a species of Hymenaea, though a few authors isolate it into a separate monospecific genus Trachylobium as Trachylobium verrucosum. It has formerly also been called Trachylobium hornemannianum.

Copal resin from Hymenaea verrucosa is used in incense. By the 18th century, Europeans found it to be a valuable ingredient in making a good wood varnish, and it became widely used in the manufacture of furniture and carriages. It was also sometimes used as a picture varnish. By the late 19th and early 20th century, varnish manufacturers in England and America were using it on train carriages, greatly swelling its demand. In 1859, Americans consumed 68 percent of the East African trade, which was controlled through the Sultan of Zanzibar, with Germany receiving 24 percent. The American Civil War and the creation of the Suez Canal led to Germany, India and Hong Kong taking the majority by the end of that century.

References

1. "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Retrieved 26 December 2014.
2. George W. Staples and Derral R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press: Honolulu, HI, USA.
3. Gwilym Lewis, Brian Schrire, Barbara MacKinder, and Mike Lock. 2005. Legumes of the World. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Richmond, England.
4. Rafique, Fatima; Qais Siddiqui, Aafreen Hafiz Abul (2024-05-01). "Pharmacological properties of Hymenaea verrucosa (Zanzibar copal) – A systematic review". South African Journal of Botany. 168: 151–164. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2024.02.056. ISSN 0254-6299.
5. Mayer (1976), pp. 194–196.
6. Sunseri (2009), pp. 10–12.

• Mayer, Ralph (1976). The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques. New York: Viking.
• Sunseri, Thaddeus (2009). Wielding the Ax: State Forestry and Social Conflict in Tanzania, 1820-2000.

Media related to Hymenaea verrucosa at Wikimedia Commons

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