IRS Volunteer Income Tax Assistance Program

IRS Volunteer Income Tax Assistance Program
Abbreviation	VITA
Services	Tax preparation assistance
Parent organization	Internal Revenue Service
Website	IRS VITA site

The Volunteer Income Tax Assistance (VITA) grant program is an Internal Revenue Service (IRS) initiative in the United States that supports free tax preparation service for the underserved through various partner organizations.

VITA service helps low- to moderate-income individuals, persons with disabilities, the elderly, and limited English speakers file their taxes each year. IRS awards matching funds to partner organizations throughout the country. The IRS awarded $18 million in grants for FY2019.

Description

VITA was founded in 1971 by Gary Iskowitz at California State University, Northridge.

Since the 1970s the program has grown to several thousand sites nationwide, partnering with non-profit organizations, local municipalities, and colleges and universities. In Tax Year 2015, 3.7 million VITA tax returns were filed with a 94% accuracy rate. VITA provides service to taxpayers making less than $58,000 per year.

Volunteers

VITA volunteers include greeters, intake specialists, and tax preparers. All volunteers must pass a code of conduct exam and an intake interview/quality review exam.

The VITA tax returns are prepared by IRS tax law certified volunteers. The volunteers are taught how to use tax software and specific tax law each year. They must pass a tax law exam to receive basic or advanced certification. The passing score is 80%. Certificates expire at the end of the tax year and must be renewed.

VITA has other optional certifications. These include certificates for Military personnel, International tax issues, Foreign Student returns, and Puerto Rico returns. Some military bases participate in VITA with IRS agents training service members to complete military tax returns. Foreign students' returns are prepared at major public universities such as Arizona State University by more advanced experts.

The complication of applying tax codes and the risk of being taken advantage of by paid tax preparation services is diminished with the presence of over 4,000 nation-wide VITA sites. One of the focal points of VITA is raising taxpayer awareness and receipt of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) and Child Tax Credit (CTC). These two credits have a long history of poverty alleviation within the US, they originated during the 1970s War on Poverty in the Tax Reduction Act of 1975.

As of 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act contributed to the over complication of tax filing. The statistics researched by the non-profit Prosperity Now proves VITA to be a relevant necessity in poverty reduction. Today, tax preparation remains a highly unregulated industry and around 60% of all taxpayers turn to a paid preparation service. The longevity of the VITA program is dependent on funding being approved and provided by Congress. The last official act to support the IRS initiative was made in 2017. The Volunteer Income Tax Assistance Permanence Act of 2017 that ensured low-income workers and under-served communities would gain assistance from VITA. Specifically, the bill “directs the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) to establish a Community Volunteer Income Tax Assistance Matching Grant Program to provide matching funds for the development, expansion, or continuation of tax preparation programs to assist low-income taxpayers and members of under-served populations.”

Tax law certification levels

Certifications	Parts of Tax Law Covered Not All Inclusive
Basic	- Filing and dependency status - Basic income, such as salaries & wages, interest, and dividends - Disability Income - The Earned Income Credit - Education Credits - Disability Income
Advanced	- Self-Employment Income - Calculating the taxable amount of retirement distributions - Sales of Stock, Bonds, or Real Estate and other Capital Transactions - Tip Income - Cancellation of Debt *Previously was its own certification - Marketplace Insurance, ("Obamacare")
Puerto Rico I/II	- Income and deductions relating to Puerto Rican residents, and mainland US Residents with Puerto Rico sourced income
International	U.S. Citizens living abroad or with non-U.S. sourced income
Foreign Student	- Non-citizen students and scholars living in the United States on non-immigrant student visas.
Military	- Rental of home due to deployment or other ordered absence - Military Moving Expenses

VITA services

There are also a number of tax topics that are "out-of-scope" for the program regardless of a tax preparer's certification. Even professionally licensed volunteers are prohibited from providing advice to taxpayers on out-of-scope topics in the capacity of a volunteer.

Can Prepare	Cannot Prepare
Forms 1040 (including 1040-EZ and 1040-A) – Federal Tax Return Schedule A – Itemized Deductions Schedule B – Interest and Dividends Schedule C/C-EZ – Business Expenses Simple Schedule D – Capital Gains and Losses Simple Schedule E for Royalties or income reported on Schedule K-1 Schedule EIC – Earned Income Credit Schedule SE – Self Employment Tax Form 2441 – Child Care Expenses Form 8863 – Education Credits Form 1040NR Most State Tax Forms Returns with K-1 Income, fiduciary pass-through's only Form 8889 & HSA's Schedule R	Schedule C – Business Expenses with: A net loss exceeding $10,000 Deductions for depreciation Deductions for business use of the home Complex Schedule D – Capital Gains and Losses Schedule E – Rental Income, except for military rental income Dual Status Tax Returns (When a noncitizen filer is a nonresident and resident in the same tax year) Income from pass-through entities including: S-Corporations ("Sub-S's") Partnerships Form 1120, 1041, or 1065 Schedule F - Farm Income Responses to IRS Notices for issues other than an amended return Tax Returns for taxpayers who have declared bankruptcy or intend to Married Filing Separately may be treated as out of scope. Tax For Certain Children with Unearned Income, or "Kiddie Tax" returns

Can Prepare

Cannot Prepare

Forms 1040 (including 1040-EZ and 1040-A) – Federal Tax Return
Schedule A – Itemized Deductions
Schedule B – Interest and Dividends
Schedule C/C-EZ – Business Expenses
Simple Schedule D – Capital Gains and Losses
Simple Schedule E for Royalties or income reported on Schedule K-1
Schedule EIC – Earned Income Credit
Schedule SE – Self Employment Tax
Form 2441 – Child Care Expenses
Form 8863 – Education Credits
Form 1040NR
Most State Tax Forms
Returns with K-1 Income, fiduciary pass-through's only
Form 8889 & HSA's
Schedule R

Schedule C – Business Expenses with:
- A net loss exceeding $10,000
- Deductions for depreciation
- Deductions for business use of the home
Complex Schedule D – Capital Gains and Losses
Schedule E – Rental Income, except for military rental income
Dual Status Tax Returns (When a noncitizen filer is a nonresident and resident in the same tax year)
Income from pass-through entities including:
- S-Corporations ("Sub-S's")
- Partnerships
Form 1120, 1041, or 1065
Schedule F - Farm Income
Responses to IRS Notices for issues other than an amended return
Tax Returns for taxpayers who have declared bankruptcy or intend to
Married Filing Separately may be treated as out of scope.
Tax For Certain Children with Unearned Income, or "Kiddie Tax" returns

External links

grant program
Pub 4671 provides the IRS VITA Grant overview and application instructions.
A list of current grantees here.
Location look up

References

1) IRS 4012 VITA/TCE Volunteer Resource Guide (2) IRS 4491 VITA/TCE Training Guide (Includes content for Military Certification) (3) IRS 5157A VITA/TCE Affordable Care Act Taxpayer Scenarios (4) IRS 4942 VITA/TCE Specialty Course-Health Savings Accounts (HSA) (5) https://apps.irs.gov/app/vita/ (6) https://www.irs.gov/individuals/choose-your-tax-volunteer-role

Newville, David, and Joann Ain. Leveraging Tax Time for Working Families with Vita ... Prosperity Now, July 2018, https://pndev.org/resources/leveraging-tax-time-working-families-vita.
“IRS Tax Volunteers.” Internal Revenue Service, Oct. 2021, https://www.irs.gov/individuals/irs-tax-volunteers.
Thomas L. Hungerford, Rebecca Thiess, September 25. (2013.). The earned Income Tax Credit and the Child Tax Credit: History, purpose, goals, and effectiveness. Economic Policy Institute. Retrieved November 2, 2021, from https://www.epi.org/publication/ib370-earned-income-tax-credit-and-the-child-tax-credit-history-purpose-goals-and-effectiveness/
H.R.2901 - 115th Congress (2017-2018): Volunteer Income Tax Assistance Permanence Act of 2017." Congress.gov, Library of Congress, 18 April 2018, https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/2901.

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