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The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species

Formation	1964
Headquarters	Cambridge, England, United Kingdom
Region served	International
Official language	English
Parent organization	International Union for Conservation of Nature
Affiliations	Species Survival Commission, Birdlife International, Conservation International, NatureServe, Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Texas A&M University, Sapienza University of Rome, Zoological Society of London, Wildscreen
Website	www.iucnredlist.org

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data Book, founded in 1964, is an inventory of the global conservation status and extinction risk of biological species. A series of Regional Red Lists, which assess the risk of extinction to species within a political management unit, are also produced by countries and organizations.

The goals of the Red List are to provide scientifically based information on the status of species and subspecies at a global level, to draw attention to the magnitude and importance of threatened biodiversity, to influence national and international policy and decision-making, and to provide information to guide actions to conserve biological diversity.

Major species assessors include BirdLife International, the Institute of Zoology (the research division of the Zoological Society of London), the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, and many Specialist Groups within the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC). Collectively, assessments by these organizations and groups account for nearly half the species on the Red List.

The IUCN aims to have the category of every species re-evaluated at least every ten years, and every five years if possible. This is done in a peer reviewed manner through IUCN Species Survival Commission Specialist Groups (SSC), which are Red List Authorities (RLA) responsible for a species, group of species or specific geographic area, or in the case of BirdLife International, an entire class (Aves). The red list unit works with staff from the IUCN Global Species Programme as well as current program partners to recommend new partners or networks to join as new Red List Authorities.

The number of species which have been assessed for the Red List has been increasing over time. As of 2023, of 150,388 species surveyed, 42,108 are considered at risk of extinction because of human activity, in particular overfishing, hunting, and land development.

History

The idea for a Red Data Book was suggested by Peter Scott in 1963.

1966–1977 Red Data Lists

Initially the Red Data Lists were designed for specialists and were issued in a loose-leaf format that could be easily changed.

The first two volumes of Red Lists were published in 1966 by conservationist Noel Simon, one for mammals and one for birds.

The third volume that appeared covered reptiles and amphibians. It was created by René E. Honegger in 1968.

In 1970, the IUCN published its fifth volume in this series. This was the first Red Data List which focused on plants (angiosperms only), compiled by Ronald Melville.

The final volume of Red Data List created in the older, loose leaf style was volume 4 on freshwater fishes. This was published in 1979 by Robert Rush Miller.

1969 Red Data Book

The first attempt to create a Red Data Book for a nonspecialist public came in 1969 with The Red Book: Wildlife in Danger. This book covered varies groups but was predominantly about mammals and birds, with smaller sections on reptiles, amphibians, fishes, and plants.

2006 release

The 2006 Red List, released on 4 May 2006 evaluated 40,168 species as a whole, plus an additional 2,160 subspecies, varieties, aquatic stocks, and subpopulations.

2007 release

On 12 September 2007, the World Conservation Union (IUCN) released the 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. In this release, they have raised their classification of both the western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and the Cross River gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli) from endangered to critically endangered, which is the last category before extinct in the wild, due to Ebola virus and poaching, along with other factors. Russ Mittermeier, chief of Swiss-based IUCN's Primate Specialist Group, stated that 16,306 species are endangered with extinction, 188 more than in 2006 (total of 41,415 species on the Red List). The Red List includes the Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) in the Critically Endangered category and the Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) in the Endangered category.

2008 release

The 2008 Red List was released on 6 October 2008 at the IUCN World Conservation Congress in Barcelona and "confirmed an extinction crisis, with almost one in four at risk of disappearing forever". The study shows at least 1,141 of the 5,487 mammals on Earth are known to be threatened with extinction, and 836 are listed as Data Deficient.

2012 release

The Red List of 2012 was released 19 July 2012 at Rio+20 Earth Summit; nearly 2,000 species were added, with 4 species to the extinct list, 2 to the rediscovered list. The IUCN assessed a total of 63,837 species which revealed 19,817 are threatened with extinction. 3,947 were described as "critically endangered" and 5,766 as "endangered", while more than 10,000 species are listed as "vulnerable". At threat are 41% of amphibian species, 33% of reef-building corals, 30% of conifers, 25% of mammals, and 13% of birds. The IUCN Red List has listed 132 species of plants and animals from India as "Critically Endangered".

Categories

Conservation status by IUCN Red List category
Extinct
Extinct (EX) (list) Extinct in the Wild (EW) (list)
Threatened
Critically Endangered (CR) (list) Endangered (EN) (list) Vulnerable (VU) (list)
Lower Risk
Near Threatened (NT) (list) Conservation Dependent (CD) (list) Least Concern (LC)
Other categories
Data Deficient (DD) (list) Not Evaluated (NE)
Related topics
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) IUCN Red List NatureServe status Lists of organisms by population
Comparison of Red List classes above and NatureServe status below
v t e

Species are classified by the IUCN Red List into nine groups, specified through criteria such as rate of decline, population size, area of geographic distribution, and degree of population and distribution fragmentation. There is an emphasis on the acceptability of applying any criteria in the absence of high quality data including suspicion and potential future threats, "so long as these can reasonably be supported".

• Extinct (EX) – beyond reasonable doubt that the species is no longer extant.
• Extinct in the wild (EW) – survives only in captivity, cultivation and/or outside native range, as presumed after exhaustive surveys.
• Critically endangered (CR) – in a particularly and extremely critical state.
• Endangered (EN) – very high risk of extinction in the wild, meets any of criteria A to E for Endangered.
• Vulnerable (VU) – meets one of the 5 Red List criteria and thus considered to be at high risk of unnatural (human-caused) extinction without further human intervention.
• Near Threatened (NT) – close to being endangered in the near future.
• Lower Risk (LR) – unlikely to become endangered or extinct in the near future.
• Data Deficient (DD)
• Not Evaluated (NE)

In the IUCN Red List, "threatened" embraces the categories of Critically Endangered, Endangered, and Vulnerable.

1994 categories and 2001 framework

The older 1994 list has only a single "Lower Risk" category which contained three subcategories:

• Conservation Dependent (LR/cd)
• Near Threatened (LR/nt)
• Least Concern (LR/lc)

In the 2001 framework, Near Threatened and Least Concern became their own categories, while Conservation Dependent was removed and its contents merged into Near Threatened.

Possibly extinct

The tag of "possibly extinct" (PE) is used by Birdlife International, the Red List Authority for birds for the IUCN Red List. BirdLife International has recommended PE become an official tag for Critically Endangered species, and this has now been adopted, along with a "Possibly Extinct in the Wild" tag for species with populations surviving in captivity but likely to be extinct in the wild.

Versions

There have been a number of versions, dating from 1991, including:

• Version 1.0 (1991)
• Version 2.0 (1992)
• Version 2.1 (1993)
• Version 2.2 (1994)
• Version 2.3 (1994)
• Version 3.0 (1999)
• Version 3.1 (2001)

All new IUCN assessments since 2001 have used version 3.1 of the categories and criteria.

Criticism

In 1997, the IUCN Red List received criticism on the grounds of secrecy (or at least poor documentation) surrounding the sources of its data. These allegations have led to efforts by the IUCN to improve its documentation and data quality, and to include peer reviews of taxa on the Red List. The list is also open to petitions against its classifications, on the basis of documentation or criteria.

In the November 2002 issue of Trends in Ecology & Evolution, an article suggested that the IUCN Red List and similar works are prone to misuse by governments and other groups that draw possibly inappropriate conclusions on the state of the environment or to affect exploitation of natural resources.

In the November 2016 issue of Science Advances, a research article claims there are serious inconsistencies in the way species are classified by the IUCN. The researchers contend that the IUCN's process of categorization is "out-dated, and leaves room for improvement", and further emphasize the importance of readily available and easy-to-include geospatial data, such as satellite and aerial imaging. Their conclusion questioned not only the IUCN's method but also the validity of where certain species fall on the List. They believe that combining geographical data can significantly increase the number of species that need to be reclassified to a higher risk category.

See also

• CITES
• Conservation status
• Red List Index
• Regional Red List
• Species by IUCN Red List category
• Wildlife conservation

Citations

1. "Background & History". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
2. CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora), Joint Meeting of the Animals and Plants Committees, Shepherdstown (United States of America), 7–9 December 2000, Retrieved 14 November 2012.
3. "Overview of The IUCN Red List". IUCN Red List. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Archived from the original on 30 June 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
4. Lovejoy, Thomas E. (8 August 2017). "Extinction tsunami can be avoided". PNAS. 114 (32): 8840–8841. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114.8440L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1711074114. PMC 5559057. PMID 28747527.
5. "Threatened species on the IUCN Red List". IUCN Red List. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
6. Aguilera, Jasmine (18 July 2019). "Almost 30,000 Species Face Extinction Because of Human Activity". Time. Archived from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
7. Fitter, Richard; Fitter, Maisie, eds. (1987). The Road to Extinction: Problems of Categorizing the Status of Taxa Threatened with Extinction. Gland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. ISBN 2880329299.
8. Simon, Noel (1966). Red Data Book. Volume 1. Mammalia, a compilation. International Union for the Conservation of Nature.
9. Simon, Noel (1966). Red Data Book. Volume 2. Aves. International Union for the Conservation of Nature.
10. Honegger, René (1968). Red Data Book. Volume 3. Amphibia & Reptilia. International Union for the Conservation of Nature.
11. Melville, Ronald (1970). Red Data Book. Volume 5. Angiospermae, a compilation. International Union for the Conservation of Nature.
12. Miller, Robert (1979). Red Data Book. Volume 4. Pisces: freshwater fishes. International Union for the Conservation of Nature.
13. Fisher, James; Simon, Noel; Vincent, Jack (1969). The Red Book: Wildlife in Danger. Collins.
14. IUCN (2006). Release of the 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species reveals ongoing decline of the status of plants and animals (PDF). IUCN News Release.
15. "Extinction crisis escalates: Red List shows apes, corals, vultures, dolphins all in danger" (Press release). IUCN. 12 September 2007. Archived from the original on 24 January 2011. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
16. "IUCN Red List reveals world's mammals in crisis" (Press release). IUCN. 6 October 2008. Archived from the original on 9 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.
17. Matthew Knight (19 June 2012). "Extinction threat 'a call to world leaders' at Rio Earth Summit". CNN. Archived from the original on 22 June 2012. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
18. Jessica Phelan (19 June 2012). "IUCN Red List update: Nearly 2,000 species added". www.pri.org. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
19. "IUCN 2012 update – 4 species extinct – 2 rediscovered – Food security waning". wildlifeextra.com. 19 June 2012. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2018.
20. ^ James Ayre (20 June 2012). "The Red List Of Threatened Species, Annual Report Released". planetsave.com. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
21. The list is queryable at: "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
22. K.S. Sudhi (21 June 2012). "Red list has 132 species of plants, animals from India". thehindu.com. Archived from the original on 24 June 2012. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
23. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (PDF), Version 13, IUCN, March 2017, archived (PDF) from the original on 23 April 2018, retrieved 4 January 2018
24. ^ Mace, Georgina M.; Collar, Nigel J.; Gaston, Kevin J.; Hilton-Taylor, Craig; Akçakaya, H. Resit; Leader-Williams, Nigel; Milner-Gulland, E.J.; Stuart, Simon N. (December 2008). "Quantification of Extinction Risk: IUCN's System for Classifying Threatened Species". Conservation Biology. 22 (6): 1424–1442. Bibcode:2008ConBi..22.1424M. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01044.x. PMID 18847444. S2CID 37234648.
25. "IUCN RED LIST CATEGORIES AND CRITERIA Version 3.1 Second edition" (PDF). 2012 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
26. Butchart, S. H. M.; Stattersfield, A. J.; Brooks, Thomas M. (5 June 2006). Kirwan, Guy M. (ed.). "Going or gone: defining 'Possibly Extinct' species to give a truer picture of recent extinctions". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 126A: 7–24 – via the Biodiversity Heritage Library.
27. "Birds on the IUCN Red List". BirdLife International. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2007.
28. "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Summary Statistics". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Summary Statistics. 21 June 2024. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
29. "2001 Categories & Criteria (version 3.1)". IUCN. Archived from the original on 27 June 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
30. "Historical IUCN Red Data Books and Red Lists". IUCN. Archived from the original on 27 June 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
31. Mrosovsky, Nicholas (October 1997). "IUCN's credibility critically endangered". Nature. 389 (6650): 436. Bibcode:1997Natur.389..436M. doi:10.1038/38873. S2CID 4389685.
32. "Information Sources & Quality". IUCN Red List. Archived from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 19 September 2008.
33. Possingham, Hugh P.; Andelman, Sandy J.; Burgman, Mark A.; Medellı́n, Rodrigo A.; Master, Larry L.; Keith, David A. (November 2002). "Limits to the use of threatened species lists". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 17 (11): 503–507. Bibcode:2002TEcoE..17..503P. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.467.6031. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02614-9.
34. Stocks, Sam (10 November 2016). "New study claims that the IUCN Red List is inaccurate". Discover Wildlife. Retrieved 24 April 2022.

General and cited references

• Hilton-Taylor, C. A history of the IUCN DATA Book and Redlist .Retrieved 2012–5–11.
• Walter, Kerry S.; Gillett, Harriet J., eds. (1998). 1997 IUCN red list of threatened plants. Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Species Survival Commission. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.44833. ISBN 9782831703282.
• IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2009. Summary Statistics. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
• IUCN. 1994 IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria version 2.3. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
• IUCN. 2001 IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria version 3.1. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
• Rodrigues, A. S. L., Pilgrim, J.D., Lamoreux, J.F., Hoffmann, M. & Brooks, T.M. 2006. The value of the IUCN Red List for conservation Trends in Ecology & Evolution 21(2): 71–76.
• Sharrock, S. and Jones, M. 2009. Conserving Europe's threatened plants – Report on the lack of a European Red List and the creation of a consolidated list of the threatened plants of Europe. Retrieved 2011-03-23.

External links

• Official website
• IUCN Red List on Facebook
• IUCN Red List on Twitter

v t e Threatened species
Template: Threatened species by region
IUCN Red List	Categories Extinct Extinct (EX) Extinct in the Wild (EW) Threatened Critically Endangered (CR) Endangered (EN) Vulnerable (VU) Lower risk Near Threatened (NT) Least Concern (LC) Lower Risk (LR) Conservation Dependent (LR/cd) Not fully assessed Data Deficient (DD) Not Evaluated (NE) Species Lists Extinct Extinct in the Wild Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable Near Threatened Least Concern Data Deficient WP categories Extinct Extinct in the Wild Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable Near Threatened Least Concern Data Deficient CITES Appendix I Appendix II Appendix III
By taxa	Threatened arthropods / Endangered arthropods / spiders / Decline in insect populations Decline in amphibian populations Threatened Banksia / rays / sharks / Fungi / Chromista The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates The world's 100 most threatened species
Conservation	Biodiversity action plan Biodiversity threats Conservation biology CITES ARKive Bird conservation Conservation status Conservation-reliant species Ecoregion conservation status Habitat destruction Latent extinction risk Rare species Vulnerability and susceptibility
Pre-2001 categories and subcategories shown in italics.

v t e Threatened species by region
By region	Blue-listed Environmental Vulnerability Index Regional Red List
Australasia	Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 ROTAP Threatened Species Protection Act 1995 Threatened ecological community Trade in Endangered Species Act 1989
Canada	Species at Risk Act Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada
Europe	EAZA Ex-situ Programme Funds for Endangered Parrots
South Africa	Endangered Wildlife Trust
United States	Distinct population segment Endangered Species Act of 1973 Endangered Species Act Amendments of 1978 Endangered species recovery plan Endangered Wolf Center National Wildlife Refuge NatureServe conservation status The Nature Conservancy
Lists	Asia List of endangered and protected species of China Endangered mammals of India List of endangered animals in India List of endemic and threatened plants of India List of endangered species in Pakistan List of threatened species of the Philippines List of endangered species in Vietnam Europe Threatened mammals of Europe Endangered plants of Europe Bulgaria Italy Lithuania Russia Ukraine United Kingdom North America List of endangered plants of North America List of endangered animals of North America Endangered mammals and birds of the United States List of threatened mammals of the United States List of threatened birds of the United States List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States Elsewhere Threatened fauna of Australia List of threatened flora of Australia List of endangered flora of Brazil List of threatened mammals of Brazil List of threatened birds of Brazil

• IUCN Red List
• 1964 in the environment
• Biological databases
• Biota by conservation status system
• Biota by conservation status
• International Union for Conservation of Nature
• Lists of biota
• Species described in 1963