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Idlib Governorate مُحافظة ادلب
Governorate
Map of Syria with Idlib highlighted
Coordinates (Idlib): 35°42′N 36°42′E / 35.7°N 36.7°E / 35.7; 36.7
Country	Syria
Control	Syrian transitional government
Capital	Idlib
Manatiq (Districts)	5
Area
• Total	6,097 km (2,354 sq mi)
	Estimates range between 5,933 km and 6,097 km
Population
• Total	1,501,000
• Density	250/km (640/sq mi)
• 2022 Estimate	2,927,392
• of Which, IDPs	1,899,350
Time zone	UTC+2 (EET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+3 (EEST)
ISO 3166 code	SY-ID
Main language(s)	Arabic

Idlib Governorate (Arabic: مُحافظة ادلب / ALA-LC: Muḥāfaẓat Idlib) is one of the 14 governorates of Syria. It is situated in northwestern Syria, bordering Turkey's Hatay province to the north, Aleppo Governorate to the east, Hama Governorate to the south, and Latakia Governorate to the west. Reports of its area vary, depending on the source, from 5,933 km to 6,097 km. The provincial capital is Idlib.

In 2011, the governorate was taken over by Syrian rebel militias in the context of the Syrian civil war. In 2017, the governorate came under the nominal control of the Syrian Salvation Government, with Tahrir al-Sham becoming the dominant militia in the region. The governorate saw intense fighting in the 2019 Northwestern Syria offensive and subsequent 2020 offensive, as Syrian government forces advanced deep into rebel territory; by 8 February, only a little more than half of the governorate's territory was reported to still be under rebel control. The remainder of rebel-held territory had been dubbed by publications such as Reuters, the BBC and Agence France-Presse as Syria's "last rebel stronghold". Following an offensive by rebel forces led by Tahrir al-Sham, the entirety of the governorate had reportedly fallen under opposition control by 30 November 2024.

History

Archeological sites

• Al-Dana - site of ancient Adennu
• Bara - ancient site
• Ebla - Bronze Age site
• Serjilla - ancient site
• Tell Touqan - ancient site

Modern Syria (1946–2011)

Idlib Governorate was separated from the neighboring Aleppo Governorate on 17 November 1957, during the reign of President Shukri al-Quwatli. In the early 1980s, the Idlib Governorate was one of the focal points of the Islamist uprising in Syria. Jisr ash-Shugur was the scene of a mass killing by Syrian security forces in 1980. On 9 March 1980, against a background of anti-government protests across Syria, inhabitants of Jisr ash-Shugur marched on the local Ba'ath Party headquarters and set it on fire. The police were unable to restore order and fled. Some demonstrators seized weapons and ammunition from a nearby army barracks. Later that day, after pounding the town with rockets and mortars, destroying homes and shops, and killing and wounding dozens of people, the Syrian Army Special Forces helicoptered in from Aleppo to regain control. At least 200 people were arrested. The following day, a military tribunal ordered the execution of more than a hundred of the detainees. In all, about 150–200 people were said to have been killed.

Syrian Civil War (2011–present)

Idlib contested by Syrian government and rebels (2011–17)

The Idlib Governorate clashes (September 2011 – March 2012) were violent incidents involving the newly formed Free Syrian Army (FSA) and government-loyal forces, during which the FSA took control of Saraqib, Binnish, Sarmin, Ariha, Zardana, al-Bara and Taftanaz. This included the 10 March Battle of Idlib (2012), a government victory. This led to the April 2012 Idlib Governorate Operation in which the government unsuccessfully sought to regain control. A consequent cease-fire attempt lasted from 14 April to 2 June 2012. This was followed by the Idlib Governorate clashes (June 2012–April 2013), in which the FSA took or regained control of Salqin, Armanaz, Harem, Sarmin, Darkush, Kafr Nabl, Maarrat al-Nu'man and Taftanaz, while government forces maintained control over Jisr ash-Shugur, Fu'ah, Idlib city, Abu al-Duhur airbase and Khan Shaykhun and recaptured Ariha. The Siege of Wadi Deif military base from October 2012 through April 2013 was also broken.

The 2014 Idlib offensive was a series of operations conducted by the rebels against the Syrian Government. The clashes were mostly concentrated around Khan Shaykhun and on the highway towards Maarrat al-Nu'man, and resulted in rebel victory. In the March Battle of Idlib (2015), al-Nusra Front/Army of Conquest-led rebels retook Idlib city from government and Hezbollah forces.

In the Battle of Maarrat al-Nu'man (2016) on 13 March 2016, fighters from the Salafist jihadist groups al-Nusra Front and Jund al-Aqsa launched an overnight attack against the FSA's 13th Division headquarters in the town of Maarrat al-Nu'man to crush local protesters and demonstrations. The battle resulted in a victory for the jihadis. The October 2016 Idlib Governorate clashes were violent confrontations between Jund al-Aqsa and the Syrian rebel group, the Ahrar al-Sham, the latter supported by several other rebel groups.

The Idlib Governorate clashes (January–March 2017) were military confrontations between Syrian rebel factions led by Ahrar al-Sham and their allies on one side and the Jabhat Fatah al-Sham (later as Hayat Tahrir al-Sham) and their allies on the other. After 7 February, the clashes also included Jund al-Aqsa as a third belligerent, which had re-branded itself as Liwa al-Aqsa and was attacking the other combatants. The battles were fought in the Idlib Governorate and the western countryside of the Aleppo Governorate.

The Khan Shaykhun chemical attack took place on 4 April 2017, on the town of Khan Shaykhun, then under the control of Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS). The town was struck by an airstrike by government forces, which was followed by massive civilian chemical poisoning. The release of a toxic gas, which included sarin, or a similar substance, killed at least 74 people and injured more than 557, according to the Idlib health authority. The attack was the deadliest use of chemical weapons in the Syrian civil war since the Ghouta chemical attack in 2013. The United Nations, the governments of the United States, United Kingdom, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, France, and Israel, as well as Human Rights Watch have attributed the attack to the forces of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad. The Assad government denied using any chemical weapons in the air strike.

Predominance of rebels like HTS (2017–18)

The Idlib Governorate clashes (July 2017) were a series of military confrontations between Ahrar al-Sham and Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham. During the clashes, Tahrir al-Sham attempted to capture the Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing. As a result of the clashes, HTS took control of Idlib city, the border crossing, and most of the areas along the Turkish border in the Idlib Province. Clashes resumed in July 2017. In September 2017, the Syrian government and its Russian allies intensified bombing raids against rebel-held towns in Idlib, with multiple casualties. Officially, the campaign to capture areas held by ISIL and the rebels began in October. A Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate took place in October/November 2017.

As of August 2018, following the end of the Siege of al-Fu'ah and Kafriya, which had been government-held until July 2018, the governorate is almost entirely under the control of the Syrian rebels (primarily the National Front for Liberation, which has over 50,000 fighters) along with Hayat Tahrir al-Sham, with estimated numbers of fighters between 12,000 and 30,000. In September 2018, a demilitarization zone was created on the front between the government and the Turkish-backed opposition, temporarily freezing the conflict.

Government on the rebound (2019–2024)

On 26 October 2019, U.S. Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) conducted a raid in the Idlib province of Syria, on the border with Turkey, that resulted in the death of ISIS leader Abū Bakr al-Baghdadi. The raid was launched after a CIA intelligence effort located him, and conducted during the withdrawal of U.S. forces in northeast Syria, further complicating the operation The Syrian Democratic Forces and Iraqi military also supported the operation; Turkey said it coordinated with the US prior to the mission.

Government forces retook a large portion of the governorate during the 2019 offensive, which caused the displacement of nearly a million civilians, and subsequent 2020 offensive, which caused the death of over 1,000 more, often in aerial bombardments. As of March 2020 – if not sooner – rebel control over Idlib Governorate was considered a matter of political survival of the Turkish President Erdoğan. If Idlib falls back into the hands of the Syrian government, the next targets would be the Turkish-controlled zones in northern Syria, and their fall would signal the failings of Erdogan's war against the PKK.

After the value of Syrian currency plummeted, the Turkish lira was adopted as legal tender in the governorate on 15 June 2020.

Rebel resurgence (2024–present)

Tahrir al-Sham's Military Operations Command launched the "Deterrence of Aggression" offensive against the Syrian government on 27 November 2024, re-capturing Saraqib, Abu al-Duhur, Maarat al-Numan, Khan Shaykhun and Kafr Nabl. By 30 November, they had taken full control over the province.

Geography

Parts of the westernmost regions of the governorate form part of the Al-Ghab Plain, through which the Orontes River flows. The region forms a transitional zone between the forested mountains of the western littoral and the Syrian desert to the east. The Jabal Zawiya highland region lies in the south-central areas of the governorate.

Settlements

Idlib is the provincial capital; other major settlements include Abu al-Duhur, Al Hamdaniyah, Ariha, Harem, Jisr al-Shughur, Kafrsajna, Khan Shaykhun, Ma'arrat al-Nu'man, Salqin, Saraqib and Taftanaz.

Districts

The governorate is divided into five districts (manatiq), which are further divided into 26 sub-districts (nawahi):

Demographics

As per the 2004 Syrian census the population was 1,258,400. A 2011 UNOCHA estimate put the population at 1,501,000, though this has likely changed since the start of the war. The inhabitants are mostly Sunni Muslims, although there is a significant Christian minority.

Gallery

• Map of Idlib governorate
• Ruins of Ebla
• The Great Mosque of Maarrat al-Numan
• Salqin
• Byzantine temple in Idlib
• Ruins of Serjilla

References

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v t e Idlib Governorate
Capital: Idlib
Idlib District Idlib Subdistrict Idlib Al-Mastumah Faylun Qminas Aqrabat Arshani Ein Shib Kafruhin Kreiz Martein Nayrab Ora Shamaliyah Sijer Tab Issa Gharbi wa Sharki Abu al-Duhur Subdistrict Abu al-Duhur Tell Sultan Tell Touqan Ballisa Baragethi Barissa Busra - Zafar Saghir Harmala Hmeimat Eldayer Hseiniyeh - Tell Kalba Jallas Jdidhe Abu Elthohur Msheirfeh Mustariha Ras El Ein Rasm Abed Tell Elaghar Tell Fukhar Tell Silmo Taljineh Talkhatra Tawahineh Tawil Elsheikh Tweim Taweila Zafar al-Kabir Saraqib Subdistrict Saraqib Khan al-Sabil Mardikh Abul Khos Afs Ajez Anqrati Bijfas Bweiti Dadikh Jobas Kafr Battikh Kafr Amim Khuwara Lof Maar Dibsi Maharem Rasafa Rayan Salamin San Sheikh Idris Tell Karatine Tronba Taftanaz Subdistrict Taftanaz Ketyan Maaret Elnaasan Shallakh Talhiyeh Maarrat Misrin Subdistrict Maarrat Misrin Zardana Haranabush Hizano Kafriya Kaftin Killi Maarrat al-Ikhwan Batenta Bhora Kafr Jales Kafr Nabi Kafr Yahmul Murin Ram Hamdan Taltuneh Binnish Subdistrict Binnish Al-Fu'ah Ta'um Sarmin Subdistrict Sarmin
Ma'arrat al-Nu'man District Maarrat al-Nu'man Subdistrict Ma'arrat al-Nu'man Abu Makki Babilla Barsa Bsida Al-Dana Deir al-Gharbi Deir Sharqi Ghadqa Halbeh Hantutin Harran Hatamiyeh Hazzan Hraki Jarada Jarjnaz Kafr Rumah Kanayes Kuweires Maar Shamshah Maar Shamarin Maar Shurin Maasaran Qaratli Samkeh Sarman Tell Dibis Tell Kersyan Tell Mannas Thahrat Talamnas Tqana Khan Shaykhun Subdistrict Khan Shaykhun Abdin Baarbu Hbit Kafr Ein Nqeir Qasabiyeh Umm Zaytuna Sinjar Subdistrict Sinjar Abu Sharji Abul Eleij Bashkun Borj Brennan Dreibiyeh Dwadiyeh Ejaz Fahil Jallas Ferwan Ghazileh Halban Hawa Heisa Jaberiyeh Jahman Jeb Elqasab Kafraya Elmaarra Karatin al-Kabir Karatin Saghir Karsanti Khayriyeh Khayriyeh Saghira Khwein Elshaer Khyara Lweibdeh Shamaliyah Lweibdeh Sharki Magharet Merza Maksar Mardagana Burtuqala Mreiheb Mreijeb Elmashad Mutawaseta Nibaz Ojeh Qasr Elabyad Qatra Rabeeah Brennan Rabeeah Musa Rasm Elabed Saree Sarja Gharbiya Sarja Sharkiya Sayadi Seraa Shara - Sharat Elajayez Sheikh Barakeh Sqiah Tell Dam Tell Elojeh Tell Halawa Tellemara Thleijeh Umm Sehrij Umm Tini Umm Mweilat Janubiyah Kafr Nabl Subdistrict Kafr Nabl Hazarin Hass Basqala Dara al-Kabira Faqie Fleifel Ftireh Jbala Kafr Musa Kafr Oweid Karsaa Kawkabeh Lweibdeh Maar Tahroma Maar Tamater Maar Tesin Maarzita Milaja Qoqfin Rasha Shamaliya Sfuhen Sheikh Mustafa Shorlin Tramla Umm Nir Tamanah Subdistrict Al-Tamanah Sukayk Abu Dali Abu Omar Breiseh Dajaj Farja Hamadaniyeh Khwein al-Kabir Mashraf Rajmel Mashraf Msheirfeh Qabliyeh Mushayrifa Shamaliya Niha Qleiat Eltubiyeh Raffa Rweideh Sahal Shatib Tell Khanzir Tell Maraq Tama Umm Elkhalayel Umm Jalal Hish Subdistrict Hish Abu Habbeh Ameriyeh Amudiyeh Armanaya Babuline Jabala Sharqiya Kafr Basin Kafrsajna Maar Hattat Maysruneh Moqa Rakaya Sijneh Sahyan Salhiyeh Sheikh Dames Al-Tah Tahtaya
Ariha District Ariha Subdistrict Ariha Iblin Kafr Latah Kurin Nahlaya Shinan Urum al-Jawz Abkally Bab Ellah Banin Bazabur Berjhab Ebneh Kafr Shalaya Kafraziba Maarbalit Maarzaf Majdaliya Moataf Maataram Mseibin Nahleh Sarja Thaheriya Al-Badria Ihsim Subdistrict Ihsim Al-Rami Juzif Marayan Abdita Arnaba Balshun Balyun Bara Bsames Deir Sunbul Ein Laruz Farkya Iblin Kafr Haya Kansafra Maghara Marata Mozra Muhambal Subdistrict Muhambal Anb Bales Baqlid Baydar Shamsu Beftamun Bsanqul Hila Hlul Hmeimat Jadraya Kafrmid Kniseh Laj Shamali Matleh, Ariha Ora Qabli - Edwan Sahen Sararif Shagurit Al-Sad Al-Marj
Jisr al-Shughur District Jisr al-Shughur Subdistrict Jisr ash-Shughur Al-Marj Al-Akhdar Al-Sharqi Alyeh Balmis Bkafla Bsheiriyeh - Bello Bteibat Bzeit Dgali Ein Elhamra Ein Elsoda Eshtabraq Frikeh Ghanya Al-Ghassaniyah Hallouz Hseiniyeh Jannet Elqora Kafir Kniset Nakhleh Maalaqa - Bishlamon Marj Akhdar Gharbi Marj Elzohur Matleh Mintar Msheirfeh Qaysiyeh Rawda Sabileh Salhiyeh Sali Sheikh Sindyan Fawqani Shghur Fawqani Sokkariyeh Tell Awar Tell Hamki Umm Elgar Umm Rish Watba Al-Arien Shughur Tahtani Bidama Subdistrict Bidama Armala Baksariya Ein El-Bayda Hanbushiyeh Kherbet Eljoz Kinda Maraand Najiyeh Ramliyeh Shaturiyeh Tuffahiyeh Yunesiyeh Sheikh Sndian Tahtani Darkush Subdistrict Darkush Zarzur Amud Andnaniyeh - Farjein Deir Othman Dorriyeh Ghazala - Mgheidleh Jamiliya Matleh - Batlaya Mazuleh Maryamin Ramadiyeh Sadiyeh - Bsentiya Sawadiya - Nabhan Sheikh Issa Elashury Thahr Turin Zahraa Zanbaqi Janudiyah Subdistrict Al-Janudiyah Al-Quniyah Al-Yacoubiyah Athar Foz - Zuf Hamama - Kafr Debbin Hassaniyeh - Hatya Judayda Maland Mudiah - Luxin Nasra Qaderiyeh - Qayqun Tiba - Katrin
Harem District Harem Subdistrict Harem Ariba Besnaya - Bseineh Kafr Hum Kafr Mu Mira Shaq Dana Subdistrict Al-Dana Salwah Atme Qah Kafr Dariyan Sarmada Taladah Turmanin Aqrabat Burj Elnumra Deir Hassan - Darhashan Hezreh - Hezri Tell Elkarame Salqin Subdistrict Salqin Abu Talha Isqat Al-Alani Azmarin Talamar Betiya Bozanti Delbiya Ein Elbikara Foziyeh Hamziyeh Hir Jamus Kabir Hir Jamus Saghir Kafarna Kafr Hind Kafrahlat Jallad Saidiyeh Al-Shiokh Al-Tlul Kafr Takharim Subdistrict Kafr Takharim Kafr Kila Abarita Bshendlaya - Rashadiya Helleh Jadeen Kafr Maris Kuku - Ein Eljaj Taltita Qurqania Subdistrict Qurqania Banabil Barisha Qalb Loze Boz Ghaz Htan Kafr Aruq Merat Elshalaf Rabeeta Radwa Ras Elhisn Sardin Tur Laha Armanaz Subdistrict Armanaz Biret Armanaz Bsaliya Dweila Ghafar Hafasraja Haj Jomaa Kabta Kuwaro - Umm Elriyah Millis Quneitra Sheikh Yousef

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