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Moxo (also known as Mojo, pronounced 'Moho') is any of the Arawakan languages spoken by the Moxo people of the Llanos de Moxos in northeastern Bolivia. The two extant languages of the Moxo people, Trinitario and Ignaciano, are as distinct from one another as they are from neighboring Arawakan languages. The extinct Magiana was also distinct.

Moxo languages have an active–stative syntax. It's one of the National Languages of Bolivia

Sociolinguistic background

The languages belong to a group of tribes that originally ranged through the upper Mamoré, extending east and west from the Guapure (Itenes) to the Beni, and are now centered in the Province of Moxos, Department of Beni, Bolivia. They form part of the Mamoré-Guaporé linguistic area.

Moxo was also the primary lingua franca (Spanish: lengua general) used in the Jesuit Missions of Moxos.

Ignaciano is used in town meetings unless outsiders are present, and it is a required subject in the lower school grades, one session per week. Perhaps half of the children learn Ignaciano. By the 1980s there were fewer than 100 monolinguals, all older than 30.

Classification

The Moxo languages are most closely related to Bauré, Pauna, and Paikoneka. Together, they form the Mamoré-Guaporé languages (named after the Mamoré River and Guaporé River). Classification by Jolkesky (2016):

• Mamoré-Guaporé languages
  • Bauré
    • Bauré
    • Carmelito
    • Joaquiniano
    • Muxojeóne
  • Moxeno
    • Ignaciano
    • Trinitário
    • Loretano
    • Javierano
  • Paikoneka
    • Paikoneka
  • Paunaka
    • Paunaka

Classification by Danielsen (2011) and Danielsen & Terhart (2014: 226):

• Baure languages
  • Bauré
  • Carmelito
  • Joaquiniano: spoken in San Joaquín
• Pauna languages
  • Paunaka
  • Paikoneka
• Mojo languages
  • Trinitário: spoken in Trinidad
  • Ignaciano: spoken in San Ignacio
  • Loretano: spoken in Loreto
  • Javierano: spoken in San Javier
  • Muchojeone

Phonology

Consonants

• /h/ can be voiced as between vowels.
• /w/ can be heard as before a front vowel, and as when preceding /j/.

Vowels

• /e/ can also have an allophone of .

Word lists

The following is a wordlist containing sample words from English to Moxos:

Magíana word list from the late 1700s published in Palau and Saiz (1989):

Spanish gloss	English gloss	Magíana
bueno	good	shiomá
malo	bad	shiomallama
el padre	father	papá
la madre	mother	kay
el hermano	brother	nomasqui
uno	one	huestiche
dos	two	heravetá

See also

• Indigenous languages of the Americas
• Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas
• Mesoamerican languages
• Language families and languages
• Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas
• Indigenous peoples of the Americas
• Category:Indigenous languages of the Americas (division into geocultural areas)
• Languages of Peru
• List of Spanish words of Indigenous American Indian origin

Further reading

• Carvalho, Fernando O. de; Françoise Rose. Comparative reconstruction of Proto-Mojeño and the phonological diversification of Mojeño dialects. LIAMES, Campinas, v. 18, n. 1, p. 3–44, Jan./Jun. 2018. doi:10.20396/liames.v1i1.8648804
• Key, Mary Ritchie. 2015. Ignaciano dictionary. In: Key, Mary Ritchie & Comrie, Bernard (eds.) The Intercontinental Dictionary Series. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
• Gill, Ruth, and Wayne Gill. 2015. Trinitario dictionary. In: Key, Mary Ritchie & Comrie, Bernard (eds.) The Intercontinental Dictionary Series. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.

References

1. ^ Ignaciano Moxos at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
   Trinitario Moxos at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
2. Aikhenvald, "Arawak", in Dixon & Aikhenvald, eds., The Amazonian Languages, 1999.
3. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10606b.htm Archived 2008-09-07 at the Wayback Machine, New Advent, Moxos Indians, Retrieved February 10, 2011.
4. Crevels, Mily; van der Voort, Hein (2008). "4. The Guaporé-Mamoré region as a linguistic area". From Linguistic Areas to Areal Linguistics. Studies in Language Companion Series. Vol. 90. pp. 151–179. doi:10.1075/slcs.90.04cre. ISBN 978-90-272-3100-0. ISSN 0165-7763.
5. Muysken, Pieter; Hammarström, Harald; Birchall, Joshua; Van Gijn, Rik; Krasnoukhova, Olga; Müller, Neele (2014). Linguistic areas: bottom-up or top-down? The case of the Guaporé-Mamoré Archived 2021-07-10 at the Wayback Machine. In: Comrie, Bernard; Golluscio, Lucia. Language Contact and Documentation / Contacto lingüístico y documentación. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 205-238.
6. Crevels, Mily. 2002. Speakers shift and languages die: An account of language death in Amazonian Bolivia. In Mily Crevels, Simon van de Kerke, Sérgio Meira & Hein van der Voort (eds.), Current Studies on South American Languages , p. 9-30. Leiden: Research School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies (CNWS).
7. Jolkesky, Marcelo. 2016. Uma reconstrução do proto-mamoré-guaporé (família arawák). LIAMES 16: 7-37.
8. Danielsen, Swintha (2011). The personal paradigms in Baure and other South Arawakan languages. In Antoine Guillaume; Françoise Rose (eds.). International Journal of American Linguistics 77(4): 495-520.
9. Danielsen, Swintha; Terhart, Lena (2014). Paunaka. In Mily Crevels; Pieter Muysken (eds.). Lenguas de Bolivia, vol. III: Oriente, pp. 221-258. La Paz: Plural Editores.
10. ^ Jordá, Enrique (2014). Mojeño Ignaciano. In Mily Crevels and Pieter Muysken (eds.), Oriente: La Paz: Plural Editores. pp. 21–58.
11. ^ Rose, Françoise (2021). Mojeño Trinitario. Illustrations of the IPA: Journal of the International Phonetic Association.
12. Palau, Mercedes and Blanca Saiz. 1989. Moxos: Descripciones exactas e historia fiel de los indios, animales y plantas de la provincia de Moxos en el virreinato del Perú por Lázaro de Ribera, 1786-1794. Madrid: El Viso.

External links

• Ignaciano (Intercontinental Dictionary Series)
• Trinitario (Intercontinental Dictionary Series)
• Mojeño Trinitario DoReCo corpus compiled by Françoise Rose. Audio recordings of narrative texts with transcriptions time-aligned at the phone level, translations, and - for some texts - time-aligned morphological annotations.

v t e Jesuit Missions of Moxos
Missions	Loreto Trinidad San Ignacio San Javier San Borja Santos Reyes Exaltación San Joaquín Santa Ana Santa Magdalena
Peoples	Mojo Baure Canichana Movima Cayuvava Itonama Tsimané
Languages	Moxo Baure Canichana Movima Cayubaba Itonama Tsimané Reyesano Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area Chapacuran Itene Chapacura Napeca Rocorona Quitemo
Geography	Beni savanna Beni Department

• Arawakan languages
• Languages of Bolivia
• Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area
• Jesuit Missions of Moxos