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| Muhammad al-Badr Arabic: محمد البدر | |
|---|---|
| Imam and Commander of the Faithful and King of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen | |
 Al-Badr in 1962 | |
| King and Imam of Yemen | |
| Reign | 19 – 26 September 1962 |
| Predecessor | Ahmad bin Yahya |
| Successor | Title abolished (Abdullah al-Sallal as President of the Yemen Arab Republic) |
| Born | Al-Mansur Bi'llah Muhammad Al-Badr bin Al-Nasir-li-dinu'llah Ahmad (1926-02-15)15 February 1926 Sana'a, Kingdom of Yemen |
| Died | 6 August 1996(1996-08-06) (aged 70) London, United Kingdom |
| Burial | Medina, Saudi Arabia |
| Issue | Ageel bin Muhammad al-Badr Muhammad bin Muhammad al-Badr |
| House | Rassids |
| Father | Ahmad bin Yahya |
| Religion | Zaidi Shia Islam |
Muhammad Al-Badr (15 February 1926 – 6 August 1996) (Arabic: المنصور بالله محمد البدر بن أحمد) was the last king and Zaidi Imam of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (North Yemen) and leader of the monarchist regions during the North Yemen Civil War (1962–1970). His full name was Al-Mansur Bi'llah Muhammad Al-Badr bin Al-Nasir-li-dinu'llah Ahmad, Imam and Commander of the Faithful and King of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen.
Biography
Al-Badr was born in 1926 as oldest son of Ahmad bin Yahya, later imam of the Zaydis and king of North Yemen. In 1944 he moved to Taizz in the south of the country, where his father had already been the Imam's deputy for several years, to continue his education. Soon after the assassination of Imam Yahya in February 1948 plotted by Sayyid Abdullah al-Wazir, al-Badr arrived in Sana'a, the capital, but apparently only gave tacit support to the new regime. Meanwhile, Sayf al-Islam Ahmad had managed to get away from Taizz and made for Hajjah, where he gathered the tribes around him, proclaimed himself Imam with the title of al-Nasir and within a month of the assassination had easily regained control of Sana'a and executed the principal perpetrators of the rebellion.
Sayf al-Islam al-Badr (as Muhammad now became), not yet 20, was clearly able to patch up speedily any misunderstandings with his father, for in late 1949 he was appointed his deputy over Hodeida, the important port on the Red Sea. He was also made Minister of the Interior.
Al-Badr played a prominent role in quelling the revolt against his father, Imam Ahmad, in 1955 led by Ahmad's brother Sayf al-Islam Abdullah and afterwards was declared Crown Prince.
In that same year Ahmad bin Yahya forged connections and signed agreements during a tour to Soviet bloc countries. In April 1956 he signed a mutual defence pact with Egypt, involving a unified military command, and in 1958 incorporated Yemen with the United Arab Republic of Egypt and Syria into what then became the United Arab States.
During the remaining period of Imam Ahmad's rule, Sayf al-Islam al-Badr held the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs and from 1958 he was also the Imam's deputy over Sana'a.
Like most young Arab leaders of his generation, Al-Badr had been a great admirer of the Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser. So in 1959 while he was in charge of Yemen for a few months during Imam Ahmad's absence in Italy for medical treatment, he arranged for Egyptian experts to come and help modernize Yemen in all fields, including the military. His father annulled these upon his return.
An assassination attempt on the life of Imam Ahmad in March 1961 left the latter gravely crippled, so in October Sayf al-Islam al-Badr took over effective control of the government. On 19 September 1962 Ahmad died in his sleep, al-Badr was proclaimed Imam and King and took the title of al-Mansur.
A week later rebels shelled his residence, Dar al-Bashair, in the Bir al-Azab district of Sana'a whence on September 26, 1962, Abdullah as-Sallal, whom al-Badr had appointed commander of the royal guard, staged a coup, and declared himself president of the Yemen Arab Republic.
Al-Badr escaped to the north of North Yemen, and rallied tribes that supported him in opposition to Sallal. Fighting erupted between the two groups, starting the North Yemen Civil War. Al-Badr started getting support from Saudi Arabia, while the republicans received support from Egypt.
Although the revolution had announced to the world that al-Badr had died beneath the rubble of his palace, he had in fact managed to escape unhurt and set out to the north. As he proceeded on his journey the tribes rallied round him pledging him their unconditional allegiance as Amir al-Mumineen ("Leader of the believers"). These tribes were Zaydi Shia for whom unstinted loyalty to an imam from the Ahl al-Bayt (the descendants of the Prophet) was a fundamental obligation of their religion. A few days later he held a press conference over the border in south-west Saudi Arabia. His uncle Sayf al-Islam al-Hasan, who had been abroad and had been proclaimed Imam at the news of al-Badr's alleged demise, immediately gave allegiance to him together with all the princes of the Hamid al-Din family. Soon the entire tribal confederation of Bakil along with most of Hashid who occupied the central and northern highlands of Yemen and who had been Zaydis for centuries joined enthusiastically the cause of the Imam and the princes to fight the revolutionary regime.
In 1970, despite the fact that territorially most of the Yemen remained under the control of al-Badr and the Hamid al-Din family, Saudi Arabia, which had been the principal opponent of the Sana'a regime, recognized the Yemen Arab Republic and other nations like the United Kingdom swiftly followed suit.
Stunned by Saudi Arabia's recognition of the republican regime which had been negotiated without any consultation with him whatsoever, al-Badr refused to stay any longer in Saudi Arabia and demanded that he be permitted to leave the kingdom immediately. He went to England, where he lived quietly in a modest house in Kent, only going abroad to visit the holy cities of Mecca and Medina and to call on relatives and friends in that part of the world.
He died in 1996 in London and was buried in Medina, Saudi Arabia.
Honours
- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (28 November 1957).
See also
Notes
- In exile during the North Yemen Civil War, in northern Yemen between September 1962 and March 1969 and in Ta'if, Saudi Arabia, between March 1969 and 1 December 1970
- al-Badr did not formally abdicate until 1 December 1970, at which point Abdul Rahman al-Eryani was President of the Yemen Arab Republic
References
- "Obituary: Imam Muhammad al-Badr". Independent.co.uk. 14 August 1996. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
- "Saudi Arabia: last refuge of the ousted politician". Asharq Al Awsat. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
| Muhammad al-Badr RassidsBorn: February 15 1926 Died: August 6 1996 | ||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded byAhmad bin Yahya | King of Yemen 18 – 27 September 1962 |
Monarchy abolished (Abdullah al-Sallal President of North Yemen) |
| Titles in pretence | ||
| Loss of title Republic declared |
— TITULAR — King of Yemen 27 September 1962 – 6 August 1996 |
Succeeded byAgeel bin Muhammad al-Badr |
| Heads of state of Yemen | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| North Yemen (1918–1990) |
| ||||
| South Yemen (1967–1990) |  | ||||
| Republic of Yemen (1990–) |  | ||||
| § Houthi–installed heads of state, in rebellion | |||||
- 1926 births
- 1996 deaths
- Burials at Brookwood Cemetery
- Zaydi imams of Yemen
- Heads of state of North Yemen
- Middle Eastern royalty
- Pretenders
- Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
- 20th-century monarchs in the Middle East
- Monarchs of Yemen
- Hamidaddin family
- Yemeni emigrants to the United Kingdom