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Imogiri

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Royal graveyard in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Image of Imogiri split gate, at the entrance to the graveyard
The geographical separation of the Mataram region and the reason for the split of Imogiri into two sections
Map of Imogiri in Bantul Regency

Imogiri (ꦲꦶꦩꦒꦶꦫꦶ in Javanese script or Imagiri in standard Javanese spelling) is a royal graveyard complex in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, in south-central Java, Indonesia, as well as a subdistrict under the administration of Bantul Regency. Imogiri is a traditional resting place for the royalty of central Java, including many rulers of the Sultanate of Mataram and the current houses of Surakarta and Yogyakarta Sultanate. The name is Imagiri is derived from the Sanskrit Himagiri, which means 'mountain of snow'. The latter is another name for Himalaya.

Role and importance

The graveyard preceding Imogiri was Kota Gede. The graveyard was constructed by Sultan Agung of Mataram in the later years of his reign, probably in the 1640s.

The graveyard is a significant pilgrimage ziarah site, particularly on significant dates in the Javanese calendar (such as Satu Suro, New Year's Day), and the Islamic calendar.

It also belongs to a larger network of significant locations in Javanese pilgrimage traditions. It is possibly the only major location remaining in Java where the Palaces of Surakarta and Yogyakarta have personnel working at a jointly administered royal graveyard.

The site's most prominent graves are that of the early Mataram ruler Sultan Agung, and Sultan of Yogyakarta Hamengkubuwono IX, a leader during Indonesia's war for independence. The most recent is that of Pakubuwana XII of Surakarta who was buried in 2004.

Folklore collected by Pranata in the 1970s suggests that unusual stones in the steps preceding Sultan Agung's section of the graveyard cover the remains of Jan Pieterszoon Coen, which were allegedly stolen from the grave of 1629 in Batavia during the Siege of Batavia.

Construction

Upper entrance to Sultan Agungan in 1890

The larger Imogiri complex is separated into three parts, named Giriloyo, Banyusumurup, and Imogiri. Traditionally it is accepted that Giriloyo was the earliest of the three graveyards. In some local folklore, Sultan Agung had already commenced work on his graveyard at Giriloyo – however because his uncle Juminah died at the graveyard, Agung was guided by various portents to choose an alternative site on a hill three kilometres to the southwest, at Imogiri. A later ruler, needing to bury outcasts in a graveyard separate from Giriloyo and Imogiri, chose Banyusumurup as an appropriate site. However, it is possible to find rivals and enemies within Javanese royal families buried within metres of each other inside the walls of Imogiri.

Renovations

After the earthquake of 2006

The Imogiri complex has had ongoing renovations since initial construction, due to exposure to tropical rain and weather, most materials at the graveyard require continual upkeep. Pakubuwono X during his reign spent a large amount of money on upgrading the Juru Kunci administration buildings in Imogiri village, the Mosque at the foot of the stairs, the stairs, and the Graveyard in general. He also constructed the Girimulya section as well. Hamengkubuwana VIII in during the construction of Saptorenggo in the 1920s also conducted repairs on the earlier structures that required repairs. Various Suharto-era bureaucrats and army personnel with connections with branches of earlier rulers contributed to several roof renewals and other renovations. The Indonesian Government contributed to a project that rehabilitated the yard known by its split gate – the Supit Urang – under the auspices of the archaeology service and appropriate agencies in the 1980s. In the 1990s the main gate into Sultan Agungan also required repairs.

The 2006 earthquake in the region saw considerable damage to the complex. Extensive repairs were carried out, soon after the event.

Layout

View from adjacent hill of Imogiri in the 1890s

Many travel accounts, tourist guides, and references to Imogiri imply a simple single whole. On closer examination, the graveyard has more complexity within its structure. The complex is divided in two ways. First, there are separate Yogyakartan and Surakartan sections. Second, the whole graveyard is divided into eight sections which constitute three generations of rulers in each section. Some are jointly governed by custodians (Juru Kunci) from Surakarta and Yogyakarta, while some are governed by representatives of one of these palaces only. The original area within the Imogiri graveyard is that area with Sultan Agung's grave – it is jointly governed. The western wing of the graveyard is the Surakartan section, while the eastern wing is the Yogyakarta section.

Not all rulers of the Sultanate of Mataram are buried in the Imogiri complex; there are several rulers who are buried elsewhere in Java. Some immediate families of rulers were also buried in Imogiri, but not all; this was dependent upon each ruler's preferences. Printed lists of the burial plots within the royal graveyard complex are maintained for Imogiri to guide researchers looking for a specific grave site. This process is sometimes complicated by the multiple names some individuals were known by during their lives.

Sections

Each section is a walled compound with three internal sections – variation may occur in transcription for these terms.

  • The Top section is named 'Prabayasa.'
  • The middle section is named 'Kemangdhungan.'
  • The entrance yard is called 'Srimanganti.'

Note that dates after the ruler's name are supposed dates of interment, variant dates are possible in some sources. They are given in Gregorian calendar years. Dates after construction are arbitrary and may vary up to 10 years. In most cases, the new walled compounds were built before the death of the first ruler interred. However, the grave may precede the walls, as is probably the case in Sultan Agungan, and those that follow. Most names listed have abbreviated forms, for Javanese royalty there are usually extra titles when written, any abbreviation here is for purposes of the list and not out of disrespect for the deceased or their status.

Chronological sequence

The following list is in the assumed order of construction of the walled areas at Imogiri. The first two are in the shared parts; afterward, as the Mataram sultanat was split, the sections for the Yogyakarta and Surakartan rulers are separate.

Understanding the structure and details of the graveyard

Most sections have a sequence of three generations – 'Ego' or Father, Son, and grandson, where the succession is that simple. The ones that don't are: Kasuwargan Yogyakarta has a missing person (Hamengkubuwana II is buried at Kota Gede); Kapingsangan Surakarta has four due to family dynamics. Much earlier, Amangkurat I was buried at Tegal on the north coast of Java, and as a consequence is not in Paku Buwanan.

Juru Kunci Surakarta and Yogyakarta share the tending of the graves and courtyards in Sultan Agungan and Paku Buwanan.

International tourists are usually encouraged to enter the yard before Sultan Agungan, pay a registration, put on appropriate clothing, and visit Sultan Agungan.

Imogiri was in the 1990s was 'full up', both the Girimulya and Saptorenggo sections have three generations interred. The current living rulers in Surakarta and Yogyakarta would now need to prepare a new section each on each 'side' of the graveyard to continue the practice of the last 400 years. The construction works of the new section of the Yogyakarta side have been completed.

See also

Sources

  • At Imogiri over the decades, various small publications have listed the main names of rulers buried in the graveyard. In some cases they have had maps as well.
  • Some websites have appropriated lists of royalty, and have reprinted the names of rulers, with dates.
  • In the Yogyakarta and Paku Alam palaces there are 'silsilah' lists showing the successions.

Notes

  1. Mandoyokusumo Kanjeng Raden Tumenggung (1976), The history of graves of the kings at Imogiri, s.n, retrieved 20 April 2012
  2. Kamajaya (1992), 1 Suro tahun baru Jawa perpaduan Jawa-Islam, UP. Indonesia, retrieved 20 April 2012
  3. Paku Buwono XII Sunan of Surakarta, 1925-; Mutholi'in, A; Pawiyatan Kraton Surakarta (2004), Karaton Surakarta (1st ed.), Yayasan Pawiyatan Kebudayaan Karaton Surakarta, ISBN 978-979-98586-0-3{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  4. Pranata Ssp (1977), Sultan Agung Hanyokrokusumo, raja terbesar Kerajaan Mataram abad ke-17: catatan dari Imogiri, Yudha Gama, retrieved 20 May 2018
  5. See Wayang Museum for a photograph of the location of the gravesite where he had been interred in Jakarta
  6. Moertjipto,(1992) p.13
  7. Indonesia Resources and Information Programme (Australia) 1575 25585976-dc38-54da-ad5d-12a4c7fced83 (2006-10-01), "earthquake Facing disaster The 27 May earthquake shook a kingdom, not Just a city. (1 October 2006)", Inside Indonesia (88), IRIP: 26, ISSN 0814-1185{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  8. Kusumasari, Bevaola (2012), Resource capability of local government in managing a disaster: evidence from Indonesia, Management, retrieved 28 March 2024
  9. Permadi (2009), Perubahan bentuk dan tata ruang kompleks Makam Imogiri paska gempa (Cet. 1 ed.), Bias Arkade, ISBN 978-979-97950-9-0
  10. Riwayat pasarean Imogiri Mataram, , 2003, retrieved 20 April 2012
  11. Timothy Behrend (1989), Kraton and Cosmos in Traditional Java, Persee, retrieved 20 April 2012 – Behrend provides the most thorough explanation of kraton structure and meaning in english to date – and it is clear that the sections of the Imogiri graveyard are replicating the terminology and meaning of the Yogyakarta and Surakarta palaces

References

  • Moertjipto (translated by Hari Hartiko)(1992) The Legend of Imogiri – The Royal cemetery of Mataram Kingdom Jakarta, Directorate General of Tourism.

Non-English sources

  • Djumadi, Thojib Pasareyan Pajimatan Imogiri Jaya Baya vol43. no.22 pp. 11–12, 45–47 (29/1/1989) (in Javanese language)
  • Adrisijanti, Inajati; Yogyakarta (Indonesia: Daerah Istimewa). Dinas Kebudayaan, (issuing body,) (2019), Ensiklopedia Imogiri: potret kekayaan budaya dan masyarakat, Dinas Kebudayaan, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, ISBN 9786237332190{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Prawirawinarsa, Babad Alit Volkslektur no.462 (in Javanese script); transliteration

Further reading

  • Epton, Nina Moonlight ceremony in the Sultan's Cemetery in 'The Palace and the Jungle', London: Oldbourne (1957) pp. 157–160 also the same in Magic and Mystics of Java London: Octagon (1974) pp. 151–153
  • Pranata Sultan Agung Hanyokrokusumo Jakarta: Yudha Gama

Guide books – plans

  • Jagawijaya, R. Riya (and Djagapuraya, R.W.) (n.d.) Skema Makam Raja-Raja Di Imogiri (Indonesian)
  • Suroso, Supriyono T. (n.d.) Guide book – The Royal Cemetery of Imogiri Yogyakarta, ELS Language Services. (English)

External links

7°55′S 110°23′E / 7.917°S 110.383°E / -7.917; 110.383

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