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Imperial Noble Consort Sunheon (Korean: 순헌황귀비; 2 February 1854 – 20 July 1911), of the Yeongwol Eom clan (영월 엄씨), personal name was Eom Seon-yeong (엄선영; 嚴善英), was a concubine of Emperor Gojong of Korea.
Biography
Early life
Eom Seon-yeong was the eldest daughter and the third of the five children of Eom Jin-sam and his wife, Lady Park of the Miryang Park clan. Her father served as an officer at Changdeok Palace during the early years of Gojong's reign.
Lady Eom entered the palace at the age of 8 in January 1861. She was assigned to serve as a maid within Gyeongbok Palace.
Because her elder brothers had died young, her father had no heir to carry on his lineage. Her cousin Eom Jun-won, the second son of her father's elder brother Eom Jin-il, was adopted by her father. Eom Jun-won himself had to adopt a son from within their clan.
Palace life
During the Imo Incident of 1882, when Queen Min (posthumously known as Empress Myeongseong) was forced to flee the palace, Lady Eom demonstrated extreme loyalty to Gojong. She was rewarded with a 5th rank promotion (the highest rank for palace ladies). In her new position as jimil sanggung (지밀상궁), also known as daeryeong sanggung (대령상궁), she was responsible for attending the king, the queen, the queen dowager, or a royal concubine, and received direct orders from the person she served.
In 1885, Queen Min expelled Lady Eom from the palace after discovering that she had been favored by Gojong; however, a high-ranking official, Yun Yong-seon, interceded on her behalf and she kept her position. Lady Eom never forgot Yun Yong-seon's grace.
After Queen Min was assassinated in October 1895, Lady Eom returned to the palace and became the King's favored concubine.
In 1897, she gave birth to Yi Un, and two days later, she officially became a consort of the king. Eom later received the rank of Royal Noble Consort Sun in 1900, and then as Consort Sun in 1901. At the time, the word “gyebi” (계비), or the title held for the second Queen Consort of a King, was used and referred to the second officially revised palace. But it wasn't the proper title for Consort Sun, which was the equivalent in position and rank as an Empress.
When Gojong established the Korean Empire in 1897, she was later given the royal title of “Sunheon, Imperial Noble Consort of the Highest Rank” (Hwang Gwi-bi) in 1903 after giving birth to Yi Un, Crown Prince Uimin.
Her rank as consort became an issue when Gojong then chose Eom to be his new Empress as a replacement for Empress Myeongseong's vacant position and attempts to elevate Eom to Empress. Right after his exile in Japan, Yi Jun-yong, the king's nephew, opposed the idea of Eom to be Empress. This leads to him informing Koreans in exile and prepares for an opposition movement.
In April 1899, Yi Jun-yong joined the campaign against Eom's reprimand against the Japanese asylum seekers. As a result of discussions with Yu Gil-jun, Kwon Dong-jin, Jo Jung-eung Cho, and two or three others, he resolved to oppose Eom's position to the Empress. Yi stated that it would jeopardize the country to make Eom an Empress and decided to send a letter of advice to Lee Jae-soon, the Minister of the Palace. Yi Jun-yong objected to Eom becoming Empress, saying it was a matter related to the prestige of the royal family because of the Eom's origins prior to becoming a palace lady.
In addition, Yi Jun-yong sent a letter to his father (Emperor Gojong's older brother), King Heungchin, and prayed to rebuke Eom as the empress in order to gain the emperor's favor with the emperor. It was said that Yi Jun-yong actively campaigned against Eom's rebuke to the position of Empress because Eom rejected Yi Jun-yong and Yi Kang, his son, who were in exile in Japan for the succession of power to his son, Hwang Yi-eun. However, in this situation, Yi Jun-yong's movement against Eom was forced to act as a threat to his personal affairs.
Eom and her supporters told Gojong that Yi Jun-yong had a change of heart and mind, and Gojong, who believed that Yi Jun-yong was involved in the assassination of Empress Myeongseong, decided to remove Yi Jun-yong from his positions.
Due to the death of Crown Princess Min in 1907, and remembering the help she received from Yun, she recommended his adoptive great-granddaughter, Yun Jeung-sun (the future Empress Sunjeong) to be the second wife of Crown Prince Sunjong.
Because Sunjong had no son and was severely ill due to the Coffee Poisoning Plot, the Imperial Consort started planning to raise her son, Prince Uimin, as the next Crown Prince. However, as Yi Kang figured out her plan, he opposed her and became in conflict with him.
On August 17, 1907, Emperor King Gojong, decided to be the prince of obedience without any heirs. This was the result of Yi Jun-yong, who continued to threaten his throne, and Gojong's intention to contain Yi Kang, and Yi Wan-yong, who feared that his real power would be eroded if Yi Jun-yong and Lee Kang-pa gain power. As a result, Yi Jun-yong, who has been constantly receiving treatment, attention, and checks as a potential successor to the throne during long-term exiles, becomes the cousin of Sunjong, and Yi Kang becoming the uncle of the prince.
Eom eventually succeeded in making her son the successor of Emperor Sunjong, but Crown Prince Uimin was taken by Ito Hirobumi to Japan under the pretense to raise him instead. When she went to see her son, she stated that she saw her son eating lunch with rice balls while he was undergoing a hard training at a Japanese academy.
Later years
Eom later founded Yang Jeongsuk (now Yangchung High School) in 1905, and Jinmyeong Girls' School (now Jinmyeong Girls' High School) and Myeongshin Girls' School (now Sookmyeong Women's University) in 1906.
She later suffered from typhoid in July 1911, and eventually passed away a few days later on July 20 at the age of 57 at Hamnyeong Hall (咸寧殿) in Deoksugung Palace. At the time, her son, Crown Prince Uimin, was staying in Japan and wasn't told about her death until later.
After her death, Eom was given the title of 'Sunheon', a title that was given from Sunjong.
She is buried in Cheonsu Mountain in Yangju, and Myoho was called Yeonghuiwon. She was later re-buried across from her mausoleum with Yi Jin, her eldest grandson, who she had not seen him in her lifetime, who died from poisoning.
Her tablets were additionally enclosed in Chilgung.
Family
- Father
- Eom Jin-sam (엄진삼; 嚴眞三; 9 October 1812 – 28 July 1879)
- Mother
- Lady Park of the Miryang Park clan (밀양 박씨; 1824–1895)
- Siblings
- Older brother: Eom Bong-won (엄봉원; 嚴鳳源)
- Older brother: Eom Hak-won (엄학원; 嚴鶴源); died prematurely
- Adoptive younger brother: Eom Jun-won (엄준원; 嚴俊源; 1855 – 13 February 1938)
- Younger sister: Lady Eom of the Yeongwol Eom clan (영월 엄씨)
- Husband
- Emperor Gojong of Korea (고종황제; 8 September 1952 – 21 January 1919)
- Son
- Yi Eun, Crown Prince Uimin (이은 의민태자; 20 October 1897 – 1 May 1970)
- Daughter-in-law: Princess Masako Nashimoto of Japan, Crown Princess Euimin (의민황태자비; 4 November 1901 – 30 April 1989)
- Grandson: Yi Jin (이진; 李晉; 18 August 1921 – 11 May 1922)
- Grandson: Yi Gu (이구; 李玖; 29 September 1931 – 16 July 2005)
- Granddaughter-in-law: Julia Mullock (18 March 1923 – 26 November 2017)
- Adoptive Great-granddaughter: Yi Eunsuk (이은숙; 李恩淑) or Eugenia Unsuk (1959 - )
- Adoptive great-grandson: Yi Won (이원; 李源; 23 September 1962 - )
- Granddaughter-in-law: Arita Kinoko (아리타 키누코) or Yi Gyeon-ja (이견자; 李絹子)
- Granddaughter-in-law: Julia Mullock (18 March 1923 – 26 November 2017)
- Daughter-in-law: Princess Masako Nashimoto of Japan, Crown Princess Euimin (의민황태자비; 4 November 1901 – 30 April 1989)
- Yi Eun, Crown Prince Uimin (이은 의민태자; 20 October 1897 – 1 May 1970)
Popular culture
Drama
- Portrayed by Kim Eun-jeong and Shin So-min in the 1990 MBC TV series Grand Internal Prince
- Portrayed by Oh Ji-yeong in the 1995 KBS1 TV series Dazzling Dawn
- Portrayed by Seo Mi-ae in the 2001-2002 KBS2 TV series Empress Myeongseong
- Portrayed by Kim Ja-ok in the 2002 MBC TV series 너희가 나라를 아느냐
- Portrayed by Kim Ju-ryeong in the 2018 tvN TV series Mr. Sunshine
Film
- Portrayed by Eom Aeng-ran in the 1959 film Independence Association and young Rhee Syung-Man
- Portrayed by Eom Aeng-ran in the 1964 film The Sino-Japanese War and Queen Min the Heroine
See also
- Yangchung High School:School founded by her sponsorship
References
- Herbert P. Bix, Hirohito and the making of modern Japan (New York 2016)