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In telecommunications, insertion loss is the loss of signal power resulting from the insertion of a device in a transmission line or optical fiber and is usually expressed in decibels (dB).

If the power transmitted to the load before insertion is P_T and the power received by the load after insertion is P_R, then the insertion loss in decibels is given by,

${\displaystyle IL(\mathrm {dB} )=10\log _{10}{P_{\mathrm {T} } \over P_{\mathrm {R} }}}$

Electronic filters

Insertion loss is a figure of merit for an electronic filter and this data is generally specified with a filter. Insertion loss is defined as a ratio of the signal level in a test configuration without the filter installed (${\displaystyle \left\vert V_{1}\right\vert }$) to the signal level with the filter installed (${\displaystyle \left\vert V_{2}\right\vert }$). This ratio is described in decibels by the following equation:

${\displaystyle {\mbox{Insertion loss (dB)}}=10\log _{10}{\frac {\left\vert V_{1}\right\vert ^{2}}{\left\vert V_{2}\right\vert ^{2}}}=20\log _{10}{\frac {\left\vert V_{1}\right\vert }{\left\vert V_{2}\right\vert }}}$

For passive filters, ${\displaystyle \left\vert V_{2}\right\vert }$ will be smaller than ${\displaystyle \left\vert V_{1}\right\vert }$. In this case, the insertion loss is positive and measures how much smaller the signal is after adding the filter.

Link with scattering parameters

In case the two measurement ports use the same reference impedance, the insertion loss (${\displaystyle IL}$) is defined as:

${\displaystyle IL=-20\log _{10}\left|S_{21}\right|\,{\text{dB}}}$.

Here ${\displaystyle S_{21}}$ is one of the scattering parameters. Insertion loss is the extra loss produced by the introduction of the DUT between the 2 reference planes of the measurement. The extra loss can be introduced by intrinsic loss in the DUT and/or mismatch. In case of extra loss the insertion loss is defined to be positive.

See also

• Mismatch loss
• Return loss

References

1. Pozar, David M.; Microwave Engineering, Third Edition
2. Collin, Robert E.; Foundations For Microwave Engineering, Second Edition

•  This article incorporates public domain material from Federal Standard 1037C. General Services Administration. Archived from the original on 2022-01-22.

• Telecommunications engineering
• Engineering ratios