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Interproximal reduction (IPR, also called interproximal enamel reduction (IER), slendering, air rotor stripping (ARS) or reproximation) is the practice of mechanically removing enamel from between the teeth to achieve orthodontic ends, such as to correct crowding, or reshape the contact area between neighboring teeth. After reducing the enamel, the procedure should also involve anatomic re-contouring and the protection of interproximal enamel surfaces.

History

In 1944, Murray L. Ballard was the first to advocate for the stripping of the lower anterior teeth due to crowding in a paper published in The Angle Orthodontist. Other authors also advocated about slenderizing the teeth for next 40 years but it was not until the 1980s when John J. Sheridan's Air Rotor Stripping (ARS) technique for interproximal reduction captured significant interest. He published two papers in the Journal of Clinical Orthodontics in which he explained his technique. He stated that the IPR procedure could be used as an alternative to procedures of extraction or expansion of teeth during orthodontic treatment. In 2004, Zachrisson stated that IPR can be used to improve the esthetics of anterior teeth. When a crowded arch is aligned, "black triangles" form which can be removed with IPR of the anterior teeth.

Some evidence suggests that modern diets of soft and processed foods have resulted in a significant decrease in natural interproximal wear, making dental crowding more prevalent in modern populations.

Application

IPR is an irreversible procedure and can be an alternative to dental extraction. Indications for the procedure include mild to moderate crowding (4–8mm), black triangles in anterior teeth, enhancing retention and stability after orthodontic treatment, and correction of the Curve of Spee. IPR is contraindicated for patients with a high risk for caries, poor oral hygiene, active periodontal diseases, multiple restorations, greater than 8mm of crowding per arch, hypersensitivity to cold, and large pulp chambers.

Amount

About 50% of proximal enamel can be stripped without causing any dental or periodontal problems. According to Sheridan, 2.5mm of space from IPR of five anterior contacts and 6.4mm of space from IPR from eight posterior contacts can be obtained. It was recommended that no more than 0.5–0.75mm should be removed from each proximal side of the anterior teeth.

Techniques

IPR may be carried out using abrasive metal strips, diamond coated disks, or air-rotor stripping burs and abrasive coated strips. Metal strips may be more appropriate than disks for rotated teeth. Diamond disks must be used properly so as not to leave undercuts on the enamel or come into contact with the patient's soft tissue. When using air-rotor burs, it is recommended that the tips be squared-off so that they do not leave furrows. Burs also tend to produce a rough finish on the enamel surface.

Side effects

Excessive heat is known to cause damage to the pulp of the tooth. Therefore, to protect pulp against potential heat damage, both Sheridan and Zachrissan recommend that water be used during IPR to reduce effects on the dental pulp. IPR has also been known to cause caries and periodontal disease. However, the association has been a topic of debate. In fact, an observational study done by Zachrisson which looked at 61 subjects who went through IPR 10 years post-operatively, found that there were no signs of gingival recession or thinning of the labial gingiva in 93% of the patients.

It is recommended that to limit any side effects of IPR, topical fluoride application on the treated teeth or part-time wear of a thermoformed fluoride varnish-infused retainer. In a study where participants received fluoride after IPR, it was determined that this group had lesser chances of developing caries on the tooth surfaces treated with IPR than the group who did not receive any fluoride.

References

1. Livas, Christos; Jongsma, Albert Cornelis; Ren, Yijin (2013-10-31). "Enamel Reduction Techniques in Orthodontics: A Literature Review". The Open Dentistry Journal. 7: 146–151. doi:10.2174/1874210601307010146. ISSN 1874-2106. PMC 3831306. PMID 24265652.
2. ^ Choudhary, A; Gautam, AK; Chouksey, A; Bhusan, M; Nigam, M; Tiwari, M (2015). "Interproximal enamel reduction in orthodontic treatment: A review" (PDF). Journal of Applied Dental and Medical Sciences. 1 (3): 123–127.
3. Sheridan, J. J. (1985-01-01). "Air-rotor stripping". Journal of Clinical Orthodontics. 19 (1): 43–59. ISSN 0022-3875. PMID 3882756.
4. Sheridan, J. J. (1987-11-01). "Air-rotor stripping update". Journal of Clinical Orthodontics. 21 (11): 781–788. ISSN 0022-3875. PMID 3482080.
5. Lombardi, A. V. (January 1982). "The adaptive value of dental crowding: a consideration of the biologic basis of malocclusion". American Journal of Orthodontics. 81 (1): 38–42. doi:10.1016/0002-9416(82)90286-x. PMID 6960695.
6. Frindel, Clément (2010). "Clear thinking about interproximal stripping". Journal of Dentofacial Anomalies and Orthodontics. 13 (2): 187–199. doi:10.1051/odfen/2010208. ISSN 2110-5715.
7. Zachrisson, Björn U.; Minster, Line; Øgaard, Bjørn; Birkhed, Dowen (2011). "Dental health assessed after interproximal enamel reduction: Caries risk in posterior teeth". American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 139 (1): 90–98. doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2010.09.002. ISSN 0889-5406. PMID 21195282.
8. Lapenaite, Egle; Lapenaite, Kristina (2014). "Interproximal enamel reduction as a part of orthodontic treatment". Stomatologija, Baltic Dental and Maxillofacial Journal. 16 (1): 19–24. PMID 24824056.
9. Lapenaite, Egle; Lopatiene, Kristina (2014-01-01). "Interproximal enamel reduction as a part of orthodontic treatment". Stomatologija / Issued by Public Institution "Odontologijos Studija" ... 16 (1): 19–24. ISSN 1822-301X. PMID 24824056.
10. Hall, Nathan E.; Lindauer, Steven J.; Tüfekçi, Eser; Shroff, Bhavna (2007-06-01). "Predictors of variation in mandibular incisor enamel thickness". Journal of the American Dental Association. 138 (6): 809–815. doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2007.0270. ISSN 0002-8177. PMID 17545271.
11. Radlanski, R. J.; Jäger, A.; Zimmer, B.; Schwestka, R.; Bertzbach, F. (1989-08-01). "". Fortschritte der Kieferorthopädie. 50 (4): 276–284. doi:10.1007/bf02164304. ISSN 0015-816X. PMID 2792988. S2CID 24290597.
12. Arman, Ayca; Cehreli, S. Burcak; Ozel, Emre; Arhun, Neslihan; Cetinşahin, Alev; Soyman, Mubin (2006-08-01). "Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of enamel after various stripping methods". American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 130 (2): 131.e7–14. doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2006.01.021. ISSN 1097-6752. PMID 16905055.
13. Zachrisson, Björn U.; Nyøygaard, Lise; Mobarak, Karim (2007-02-01). "Dental health assessed more than 10 years after interproximal enamel reduction of mandibular anterior teeth". American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 131 (2): 162–169. doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2006.10.001. ISSN 1097-6752. PMID 17276856.
14. Twesme, D. A.; Firestone, A. R.; Heaven, T. J.; Feagin, F. F.; Jacobson, A. (1994-02-01). "Air-rotor stripping and enamel demineralization in vitro". American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 105 (2): 142–152. doi:10.1016/S0889-5406(94)70110-5. ISSN 0889-5406. PMID 8311036.

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