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Inuvialuit

The flag of the Inuvialuit people, depicting a gyrfalcon.
Eileen Jacobson, Inuvialuit guide
Regions with significant populations
Canada Northwest Territories
Languages
Inuvialuktun, English
Religion
Inuit religion, Christianity
Related ethnic groups
Other Inuit and Eskimo

The Inuvialuit (sing. Inuvialuk; the real people) or Western Canadian Inuit are Inuit who live in the western Canadian Arctic region. They, like all other Inuit, are descendants of the Thule who migrated eastward from Alaska. Their homeland – the Inuvialuit Settlement Region – covers the Arctic Ocean coastline area from the Alaskan border, east through the Beaufort Sea and beyond the Amundsen Gulf which includes some of the western Canadian Arctic Islands, as well as the inland community of Aklavik and part of Yukon. The land was demarked in 1984 by the Inuvialuit Final Agreement.

History and migration

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The Inuvialuit Settlement Region was primarily inhabited by Siglit Inuit until their numbers were decimated by the introduction of new diseases in the second half of the 19th century. Nunatamiut, Alaskan Inuit, moved into traditional Siglit areas in the 1910s and 20s, enticed in part by renewed demand for furs from the Hudson's Bay Company and European markets. The Nunatamiut who settled in the Siglit area became known as Uummarmiut. Originally, there was an intense dislike between the Siglit and the Uummarmiut, but these differences faded over the years, and the two aboriginal peoples intermarried. With improved healthcare and Nunatamiut intermarriage, the Inuvialuit now number approximately 3,100.

In the 1930s, the Inuvialuit were involved in a Canadian government scheme to introduce reindeer herding as the primary economic driver of the Western Arctic. At tremendous expense, thousands of domesticated animals were herded from Alaska to the new Mackenzie Delta community of Reindeer Station. Indigenous Sámi people were imported from Norway to teach Inuvialuit men how to care for their own individual herds. However, the program was relatively unsuccessful, as it required a lonely lifestyle and was less lucrative than traditional hunting and trapping.

The Inuvialuit Settlement Region Traditional Knowledge Report of 2006 identified additional naming characteristics. Those Inuvialuit who live in the west are called Ualinirmiut (Ualiniq) by the people of the east. The Inuvialuit who occupy the east are known as Kivaninmiut (Kivaliniq) by the people of the west.

The Inuit of Ulukhaktok are neither Siglit nor Uummarmiut but are Copper Inuit and refer to themselves as Ulukhaktokmuit after Ulukhaktok, the native name for what used to be called Holman.

The proposed Mackenzie Valley Pipeline would have passed through both Inuvialuit and Gwich'in territory before the abandonment of the project in 2017.

Language

The traditional language is known as Inuvialuktun and it is made up of three or four dialects. Uummarmiutun, spoken by the Uummarmiut of Aklavik and Inuvik, is an Inupiatun dialect but is usually associated with Inuvialuktun. Siglitun is spoken by the Siglit of Sachs Harbour, Paulatuk, Tuktoyaktuk and Inuvik. Kangiryuarmiutun is used by the Kangiryuarmiut of Ulukhaktok. Kangiryuarmiutun is essentially the same as Inuinnaqtun which is also used in the Nunavut communities of Kugluktuk, Bathurst Inlet and Cambridge Bay. Natsilingmiutut used by the Netsilingmiut of Gjoa Haven, Taloyoak, Kugaaruk and Repulse Bay in Nunavut. Uummarmiutun, Siglitun and Inuinnaqtun (Kangiryuarmiutun) are all written using Latin script while Natsilingmiutut is written in Inuktitut syllabics.

Culture

Year-round, Inuvialuit hunt caribou from the Cape Bathurst and Bluenose herds, and have also shared the Porcupine herd with the Gwich’in. There has been some tension between the Inuvialuit and the Gwich’in over caribou hunting. Other activities are seasonal:

• Spring: fishing, geese hunting, grizzly hunting
• Summer: whaling, fishing, gathering berries, roots and medicinal plants
• Autumn: fishing, sealing, geese hunting, and plant gathering
• Winter: fishing, sealing, polar bear hunting

Traditional games include:

• akimuq: high kick game
• ayahaaq: string game
• iglukisaaq: juggling rocks
• mak: played by trying to make a person laugh
• napataak: darts; played with a wooden handle and sharp nail

Communities

The area of the land covered by the Inuvialuit Settlement Region is 521,707.68 km (201,432.46 sq mi). Aklavik (Aklavik Indian Band, Ehdiitat Gwich’in Council) and Inuvik (Nihtat Gwich’in Council) are shared with the Gwich’in people, who are represented by the Gwich’in Tribal Council.

References

1. "Modern Inuvialuit Culture". Archived from the original on 2011-07-13. Retrieved 2012-06-01.
2. "The Thule". Archived from the original on 2014-12-13. Retrieved 2012-06-01.
3. Map of the Inuvialuit Settlement Region
4. ^ Map of the Inuvialuit Settlement Region including communities
5. ^ All figures from the Canada 2006 Census, Aklavik, Inuvik, Paulatuk, Sachs Harbour (Inuvaluit figure is for all Aboriginal peoples), Tuktoyaktuk and Ulukhaktok.
6. "The People of the Boreal Forest". albertasource.ca. Retrieved 2007-09-30.
7. "1935 Reindeer Herding in the Northwest Territories". NWT Timeline. Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
8. "Inuvialuit Settlement Region Traditional Knowledge Report" (PDF). ngps.nt.ca. August 2006. p. 45. Retrieved 2009-03-16.
9. Iñuvialuktun/Inuvialuktun/Inuinnaqtun / ᐃᓄᐃᓐᓇᖅᑐᓐ
10. IRC - Language
11. "Gwich'in step up measures to protect Porcupine herd". CBC.ca. 2006-09-13. Retrieved 2007-07-23.
12. Inuvialuit Settlement Report (2006), p. 62
13. Inuvialuit Settlement Report (2006), p. 60
14. Gwich’in Tribal Council

External links

• The Inuvialuit
• Inuvialuit Development Corporation
• Morrison, David. "Retracing an Archaeological Expedition. The Inuvialuit". Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation.

v t e Indigenous peoples in the Northwest Territories
Cultural areas: Arctic, Subarctic
Ethnolinguistic groups	Cree Woodland Cree Dene Deh Cho Dënesųłı̨ne Sahtú Tłįchǫ Gwichʼin Inuit Inuvialuit Métis
Treaties and land claims	Treaty 8 (1899) Treaty 11 (1921) Inuvialuit (1984) Gwich'in (1992) Sahtu (1993) Tłįchǫ (2003)
Regional councils and community governments	Akaitcho Territory Government Deninu Kųę́ Łutsël K'é Dene Smith's Landing Yellowknives Dene Dettah, Ndilǫ Dehcho First Nations Deh Gáh Got'ı̨ę Fort Providence Métis Council Fort Simpson Métis Jean Marie River Ka'a'gee Tu Łı́ı́dlı̨ı̨ Kų́ę́ Nahɂą Dehé Pehdzeh Kı Sambaa K'e West Point Gwich'in Tribal Council Aklavik Gwichya Gwich'in Inuvik Tetlit Gwich'in Inuvialuit Regional Corporation Aklavik Inuvik Paulatuk Sachs Harbour Tuktoyaktuk Ulukhaktok Northwest Territory Métis Nation Fort Resolution Fort Smith Hay River Sahtu Dene Council Behdzi Ahda' Délı̨nę Fort Good Hope Tulita Dene Tłįchǫ Government Dechi Laot'i Dog Rib Rae Gameti Wha Ti Unaffiliated Acho Dene Koe Kátł'odeeche Salt River

• Inuvialuit
• Copper Inuit