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| ¿ ¡ | |
|---|---|
| Upside-down question mark Upside-down exclamation mark | |
| U+00BF ¿ INVERTED QUESTION MARK U+00A1 ¡ INVERTED EXCLAMATION MARK |
The upside-down (also inverted, turned or rotated) question mark ¿ and exclamation mark ¡ are punctuation marks used to begin interrogative and exclamatory sentences or clauses in Spanish and some languages that have cultural ties with Spain, such as Asturian and Waray. The initial marks are mirrored at the end of the sentence or clause by the ordinary question mark, ?, or exclamation mark, !.
Upside-down marks are supported by various standards, including ISO-8859-1, Unicode, and HTML. They can be entered directly on keyboards designed for Spanish-speaking countries.
Usage
Main article: Spanish orthography
The upside-down question mark ¿ is written before the first letter of an interrogative sentence or clause to indicate that a question follows. It is a rotated form of the standard symbol "?" recognized by speakers of other languages written with the Latin script. A regular question mark is written at the end of the sentence or clause.
Upside-down punctuation is especially critical in Spanish (although Portuguese and Italian are also prone to the following syntax structure) since the syntax of the language means that both statements and questions or exclamations could have the same wording. "Do you like summer?" and "You like summer." are translated respectively as "¿Te gusta el verano?" and "Te gusta el verano." (There is not always a difference between the wording of a yes–no question and the corresponding statement in Spanish.)
In sentences that are both declarative and interrogative, the clause that asks a question is isolated with the starting-symbol upside-down question mark, for example: "Si no puedes ir con ellos, ¿quieres ir con nosotros?" ("If you cannot go with them, would you like to go with us?"), not *"¿Si no puedes ir con ellos, quieres ir con nosotros?" This helps to recognize questions and exclamations in long sentences.
Unlike the ending marks, which are printed along the baseline of the text, the upside-down marks (¿ and ¡) descend below the line.
History
Upside-down marks, simple in the era of hand typesetting, were originally recommended by the Real Academia Española (Royal Spanish Academy), in the second edition of the Ortografía de la lengua castellana (Orthography of the Castilian language) in 1754 recommending it as the symbol indicating the beginning of a question in written Spanish—e.g. "¿Cuántos años tienes?" ("How old are you?"; lit. 'How many years do you have?'). The Real Academia also ordered the same upside-down-symbol system for statements of exclamation, using the symbols "¡" and "!".
These new rules were slow to be adopted: there are 19th-century books in which the printer uses neither "¡" nor "¿".
Outside of the Spanish-speaking world, John Wilkins proposed using the upside-down exclamation mark "¡" as a symbol at the end of a sentence to denote irony in 1668. He was one of many, including Desiderius Erasmus, who felt there was a need for such a punctuation mark, but Wilkins' proposal, like the other attempts, failed to take hold.
Adoption
Some writers omit the upside-down question mark in the case of a short unambiguous question such as: "Quién viene?" ("Who comes?"). This is the criterion in Galician and formerly in Catalan. Certain Catalan-language authorities, such as Joan Solà i Cortassa, insist that both the opening and closing question marks be used for clarity. The current Institute for Catalan Studies prescription is never to use the upside-down marks for Catalan.
Some Spanish-language writers, among them Nobel laureate Pablo Neruda (1904–1973), refuse to use the upside-down question mark.
Mixtures
It is acceptable in Spanish to begin a sentence with an opening upside-down exclamation mark ("¡") and end it with a question mark ("?"), or vice versa, for statements that are questions but also have a clear sense of exclamation or surprise such as: ¡Y tú quién te crees? ("And who do you think you are?!"). Normally, four signs are used, always with one type in the outer side and the other in the inner side (nested) (¿¡Y tú quién te crees!?, ¡¿Y tú quién te crees?!)
Unicode 5.1 also includes U+2E18 ⸘ INVERTED INTERROBANG, which is an upside-down version of the interrobang, a nonstandard punctuation mark used to denote both excitement and a question in one glyph. It is also known as a "gnaborretni" (/ŋˌnɑːbɔːrˈɛt.ni/) (interrobang spelled backwards).
Computer usage
Encodings
¡ and ¿ are in the "Latin-1 Supplement" Unicode block, which is inherited from ISO-8859-1:
- U+00A1 ¡ INVERTED EXCLAMATION MARK
- U+00BF ¿ INVERTED QUESTION MARK
Typing the character
¿ and ¡ are available in all keyboard layouts designed for Spanish-speaking countries. Smart phones typically offer these if you hold down ? or ! in the on-screen keyboard. Auto-correct will often turn a normal mark typed at the start of a sentence to the upside-down one.
On systems with an AltGr key (actual or emulated via right Alt key) and Extended (or 'International') keyboard mapping set, the symbols can be accessed directly, though the sequence varies by OS and locality and is documented by the vendor. Otherwise see Unicode input.
See also
References
- De Veyra, Vicente I. (1982). "Ortograpiya han Binisaya". Kandabao: Essays on Waray language, literature, and culture.
- "What's Up With The Upside Down Question Mark?". Rosetta Stone Inc. September 5, 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
- "Ediciones de la Ortografía Académica" [Editions of the Academic Orthography] (PDF). Real Academia Española. Archived (PDF) from the original on Jun 17, 2023.
- Houston, Keith (24 September 2013). Shady Characters: The Secret Life of Punctuation, Symbols, and Other Typographical Marks. W. W. Norton. p. 214. ISBN 978-0-393-24154-9.
- Popova, Maria (27 September 2013). "Ironic Serif: A Brief History of Typographic Snark and the Failed Crusade for an Irony Mark". Brain Pickings. Retrieved 1 Sep 2014.
- "7. Os signos de interrogación e de admiración". Normas ortográficas e morfolóxicas do idioma galego [Orthographic rules and morphology of the Galician language] (in Galician) (23ª ed.). Real Academia Galega. 2012. p. 27. ISBN 978-84-87987-78-6. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
Para facilitar a lectura e evitar ambigüidades pode-rase indicar o inicio destas entoacións cos signos ¿ e ¡, respectivamente.
- "A posición do signo de interrogación (?) e exclamación (!)" [The position of the question mark (?) and exclamation mark (!)]. Portal das Palabras. 21 October 2017. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
- Institut d'Estudis Catalans (1996), "Els signes d'interrogació i d'admiració (Acord de l'11 de juny de 1993)", Documents de la Secció Filològica, vol. III, pp. 92–94, archived from the original on 2011-09-06
- Josep M. Mestres; Joan Coste; Mireira Oliva; Ricard Fité (2009), "Els signes d'entonació inicials" (PDF), Manual d'estil. La redacció i l'edició de textes. (4 ed.), pp. 197–200
- Pablo Neruda, "Antología Fundamental". Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. (556 KB), (June 2008). ISBN 978-956-16-0169-7. p. 7 (in Spanish)
- RAE's (in Spanish)
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