| Persian famine of 1942–1943 | |
|---|---|
| Country | Iran |
| Period | 1940–1944 |
| Total deaths | Disputed |
| Preceded by | 1917–1919 famine |
The Iranian famine of 1942–1943 (Persian: قحطی ۱۳۲۰-۱۳۲۲ ایران) refers to a period of starvation that took place in Iran, which was under the rule of the Pahlavi dynasty. Iran at the time was occupied by the United Kingdom and Soviet Union despite being a neutral country in the Second World War.
During the occupation, both the British and the Soviets tried to strengthen their influence in their respective zones. The allies took control over the Iranian rail network and contracted half of Iran's publicly- and privately-owned trucks, thus occupying 75 percent of the country's food distribution capacity in the midst of the 1941 harvest. The remaining transportation capacities were quickly rendered unusable because of a restriction of the import of spare parts. That disrupted internal trade and social services and increased the cost of living by more than 700%. After a bad harvest in 1942, famine struck the British-occupied south. The British administration promised to supply the needed amount of grain, but failed to do so, and when the Iranian government turned to the United States for help, promised aid never substantiated even after months-long negotiations. The U.S. diplomat Louis G. Dreyfus initially reported to the US government that the food situation was serious, but he soon uttered doubts about any wheat shortage and recommended that the U.S. should support "the British stand and insist on Iran helping itself before relying on Allied imports".
The British government blamed the situation on hoarding, inefficient distribution and an inadequate transport system, but Washington suspected that the British had deliberately manipulated the food supply to further their own political objectives. Meanwhile, the Soviets banned food shipments from the north, claimed that they needed the resources for the people and soldiers fighting the Germans, and blamed British mismanagement for the famine since no similar conditions existed in the Soviet-held areas. However, officials who visited Iran before the invasion noted that Iranians were already in near-starvation nationwide.
In April 1941, the American consul had traveled in eastern, central and southern Iran and noted the conditions:
"I think the most striking feature of the trip was the scarcity of food throughout the country. With one unimportant exception, every place on the route was short of food, and in many, no bread whatever was available… The Iranian authorities did not restrict the exportation of foodstuffs after a severe shortage in 1940; and there is slight reason to believe that the shortage now will make them more prudent in the future. In fact, grain monopoly agents were collecting grain in the region about Bojnord when I passed through, for export to Germany via the Soviet Union."
In August 1941, on the eve of the Allied invasion, the average wage was 8 rials per day:
"Thus it will be seen that the wage is insufficient even for food for a family and most workers have a starvation diet… It is not possible to buy adequate clothing or even to dream of luxuries such as education of the children."
However, letters and diplomatic correspondence at the time presented all sides being at fault. This included the role of corrupt distributors.
Shortages affected Iran most severely, and an unseemly blame game ensued as to who was responsible. The British blamed incompetent Iranian distribution, the Americans blamed the callous British as well as bungling Iranians and the Iranians blamed all three allies. There was some truth to the positions of all sides. The bottom line was that the allies were directly responsible for wheat shortages. Article 7 of the Treaty of Alliance that legitimised the occupation required Britain and the Soviet Union to protect the Iranian people against the "privations and difficulties" of the war. But invasion and the shah's subsequent abdication destroyed Iran's old political and economic structures and failed to provide a viable replacement. The occupiers purchased or confiscated large amounts of Iranian food, and the food requirements of the 100,000 plus allied soldiers garrisoned and working in Iran were only partially met from outside. Tehran’s major source of wheat was Azerbaijan, yet Soviet officials acquired 50 per cent of their grain needs from the province, allowing only 300 tons of Azerbaijani wheat to be shipped to Tehran from March 1942 to March 1943. In addition, Soviet occupation policies caused 200,000 Iranians to flee to Tehran, swelling its population and food needs by 37 per cent.
Louis Dreyfus told Washington that the Iranian prime minister had spoken of the widespread dissatisfaction in the parliament regarding the manner in which Britain and the Soviet Union were carrying out their treaty with Iran: "Members complain bitterly that Russians are taking their cattle, that Poles are being dumped in Iran, that the British are failing to provide food and are sending Iranian wheat to Iraq, that Russians are exploiting the situation in northern Iran, that the British are taking advantage of Iran in financial and other matters and that Iranians are being generally deceived and exploited."
Reader Bullard's letters and diplomatic correspondence present British authorities as less callous than they were often portrayed both at the time and in the subsequent historiography. What is more, contemporary files indicate that the British were less omnipotent than they have often been depicted subsequently. The diplomat Harold Eeman wrote that the Soviet occupation deprived Iran's more arid provinces – which were in the British zone – of their usual supply of cereals, shortages that were subsequently and predictably being blamed on the British authorities. "This was grossly unfair," Eeman wrote, "since the British Army, apart from feeding its own troops, provided bread for thousands of Polish refugees from Russia living in camps near Tehran, and distributed flour to the Iranians themselves whenever actual famine threatened."
The Iranian public accused the Allies of looting the country and pushing Iran into inflation and starvation. In December 1942, demonstrations against the scarcity of food became a daily occurrence in Tehran and eventually led to riots.
After nearly two weeks, Prime Minister Ahmad Qavam ordered the police to quell the protests with deadly force, resulting in a number of deaths and injuries on both sides. During the final months of 1942 and in 1943, the streets of Kermanshah were full of semi-naked and hungry people with fifteen deaths attributed to hunger and poverty occurring every day. In February 1943, typhus broke out in the city and the hospital was closed down because of widespread infection among doctors and staff. Only in 1943, the Soviets released 25,000 tons of grain to ameliorate the situation.
The devastating impact of World War II on Iran is acknowledged by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. In the entry in the Holocaust Encyclopedia on "Iran During World War II," the following is stated:
The impact of World War II on Iran was devastating. Iranian neutrality was ignored and the country lost its de facto independence to occupying forces. The British and Soviet authorities dominated the use of major roadways and the Trans-Iranian Railroad for their own purposes, and sequestered and deployed Iranian manpower and equipment for the war effort. With few resources left for farming, combined with a bad harvest in 1942 and an enormous influx of European refugees, famine spread and many people died.
Death toll
Very few academic sources discuss famine in Iran during World War II. For example, a 1968 demographic study by Julian Bharier in the journal Population Studies alludes to the war imposing additional hardships on Iranians, observing that "1946 is the first year after World War II when Iran began to find its feet again after the Allied occupation," but does not mention a famine or a large number of deaths. To the contrary, Bharier cites figures from Iran's Civil Registration Office (C.R.O.) postulating a 2% annual population growth rate during the years 1942-1945, which is higher than the average 1.5% growth rate estimated by demographer Mehdi Amani for the entire period 1926-1945. Cormac Ó Gráda included Iran in a 2019 analysis of World War II-era famines, briefly commenting that "the death toll, though unknown, was probably modest" and citing Bharier as a reference.
Mohammad Gholi Majd is the only author to have written a book about the famine. In the Journal of Iranian Islamic Period History, Majd concluded that 3-4 million Iranians—a quarter of the population—died of starvation and disease during the Allied occupation in World War II, citing U.S. State Department population figures for 1941 (15 million) and 1944 (10-12 million).
References
- Melville, Charles (1984). "Meteorological Hazards and Disasters in Iran: A Preliminary Survey to 1950". Iran. 22: 113–150. doi:10.2307/4299740. JSTOR 4299740.
- Ashley Jackson: Persian Gulf Command: A History of the Second World War in Iran and Iraq; Yale University Press, 2018. (p. 245)
- Patrick Clawson & Michael Rubin: Eternal Iran: Continuity and Chaos; Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. (p. 58)
- Parvin Paidar: Women and the Political Process in Twentieth-Century Iran; Cambridge University Press, 1995. (p. 119)
- Hooshang Guilak: Fire Beneath the Ashes: The United States and Iran: a Historic Perspective 1829–1947 (p. 225)
- C. O'Sullivan: FDR and the End of Empire: The Origins of American Power in the Middle East; Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
- ^ Majd, Mohammad Gholi (2024-03-26), Historiography and Toll of World War I and World War II Famines in Iran, doi:10.20944/preprints202403.1562.v1, retrieved 2024-10-08
- Jackson, Ashley (2018-06-26). Persian Gulf Command: A History of the Second World War in Iran and Iraq. Yale University Press. pp. 236–237. ISBN 978-0-300-23536-4.
- Ashley Jackson: Persian Gulf Command: A History of the Second World War in Iran and Iraq; Yale University Press, 2018. (pp. 247)
- McFarland, Stephen L. (February 1985). "Anatomy of an Iranian Political Crowd: The Tehran Bread Riot of December 1942". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 17 (1): 51–65. doi:10.1017/S0020743800028762. JSTOR 163309. S2CID 153740042.
- Tomas B. Phillips: Queer Sinister Things - the Hidden History of Iran (p. 76)
- Iran Press Digest, 1985.
- John Foran: Fragile Resistance: Social Transformation In Iran From 1500 To The Revolution; Westview Press, 1993.
- "Iran During World War II". Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved March 5, 2022.
- Bharier, Julian (1968). "A Note on the Population of Iran, 1900-1966". Population Studies. 22 (2): 273–279. doi:10.1080/00324728.1968.10405540. PMID 22091615.
- Ó Gráda, Cormac (2 September 2019). "The famines of WWII". Centre for Economic Policy Research. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
- Majd, Mohammad Gholi (2016). Iran under Allied Occupation in World War II: The Bridge to Victory & A Land of Famine. University Press of America. ISBN 978-0-7618-6738-8.
- Majd, Mohammad Gholi (2021). "The Three Famines and the Makings of a Malthusian Catastrophe in Iran, 1869-1944" (PDF). Journal of Iranian Islamic Period History. 12 (27): 99–101. doi:10.22034/JIIPH.2021.44132.2161. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-10-26.
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