| Boar–pig hybrid | |
|---|---|
| |
| A male boar-pig hybrid | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Artiodactyla |
| Family: | Suidae |
| Subfamily: | Suinae |
| Genus: | Sus |
| Species: | S. scrofa × S. domesticus |
Boar–pig hybrid is a hybridized offspring of a cross between the Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa) and any domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus). Feral hybrids exist throughout Eurasia, the Americas, Australia, and in other places where European settlers imported wild boars to use as game animals. In many areas, a variable mixture of these hybrids and feral pigs of all-domesticated original stock (even environmental, agricultural, hunting, and other regulatory agencies often do not bother distinguishing between them) have become invasive species. Their status as pest animals has reached crisis proportions in Australia, parts of Brazil, and parts of the United States, and the animals are often freely hunted in hopes of eradicating them or at least reducing them to a controllable population.
When bred intentionally, the hybrid is intended to visually recreate—to "back-breed"— the look of pigs represented in prehistoric artworks of the Iron Age and earlier in ancient Europe. A project to create them, under the name Iron Age pig, started in the early 1980s by crossing a male wild boar with a Tamworth sow to produce an animal that looks like the pig from long ago. Iron Age pigs are generally only raised in Europe for the specialty meat market, and in keeping with their heritage are generally more aggressive and harder to handle than purebred domesticated pigs.
In Australia
Feral pigs in general are considered to be the most important mammalian pest of Australian agriculture (a difficult title to hold, given the country's long-running invasive rabbit problem). However, it is unclear to what extent they are hybrids. Known hybridization between wild and domesticated pigs has occurred naturally in the country for a long time, with populations of the wild boar (imported by European settlers for hunting) freely interbreeding with domestic pigs, either where the latter escaped and became feral, or where there is reasonable access by wild boars to penned pig populations. The appearance and temperament of the wild boar is dominant, and after three generations of interbreeding, most domesticated characteristics disappear. Prior to closure of the meat export market, Australian hunters with the appropriate qualifications and certificates sold hybrid and feral pig meat to be exported to specialty meat markets in Russia and Italy.
In Europe
In Sweden, farmers have reported wild boars breaking into pens and mating with pig sows, even going through electric fences to do so. One pig farmer, Oskar Ohlson, claimed to have over 100 hybrid piglets. These he described as not being aggressive, but jumping when stressed unlike regular pigs.
In North America
Main article: Feral pig § In the AmericasSuine hybrids, known as razorbacks, range throughout the United States and Canada as feral populations. Their genetic makeup varies widely from area to area, from being all-domestic to a mix of recent domestic with long-feral pigs that have partially reverted to wild traits to an interbreeding of both with wild boars that, as in Australia, were apparently imported for hunting during the colonial era and in the southern United States were definitely re-introduced from Russia for hunting as recently as the 1990s. Razorbacks have been hunted for sport for centuries. Because of their increasing numbers (at least 6 million in 2014, having approximately tripled since 1990), in more recent decades they have been hunted more programmatically to reduce their impact as an invasive species; they have become a pest animal responsible for significant agricultural and property damage and environmental harm, especially in the U.S. Deep South from Florida to Texas; The Southwestern Naturalist estimated about 2.6 million free-roaming porcines in Texas in 2013, which may cast doubt on the 6-million nationwide estimate. A 2014 Outdoor Alabama article termed them "wildlife enemy number one" in that state. They have become problematic even in cooler, forested northern states (and into Canada); a particular conservation problem is that they strip plant life in woodland areas of their berries and other nutrients needed by the native American black bear. Wisconsin, for example, imposes no hunting restrictions of any kind on them to promote their elimination. Only a few animals are large enough to prey on hybrid and feral pigs, and are too few in individual numbers to control their population.
Free-ranging Eurasian pigs that have also been problematic in Hawaii, a U.S. state in the Pacific Ocean and far from the mainland, are apparently of all-domesticated stock (simply feral pigs, not hybrids) and were initially brought by the islands' original Polynesian settlers, supplemented with introductions by early European visitors.
In South America
Main article: Feral pig § South AmericaDomesticated pigs were introduced to the Americas and allowed to become feral from the 16th century onward, beginning with Christopher Columbus in the West Indies. Actual wild boars were introduced in the early 20th century into Uruguay, again for hunting, and have since spread into Brazil, where they have been deemed an invasive species since at least 1994, especially in Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and São Paulo. Since 2005, Brazil has issued hunting licenses for hybrid and feral pigs, and expanded this hunting program in 2008.
Unrelated, smaller, and entirely wild suids, known as peccaries or javelinas, range throughout Latin America into the U.S. Southwest, are native to western hemisphere, and are not pest animals, though they compete for resources with hybrid and feral pigs. The dynamics between these populations are not yet well studied. Jaguars appear to prefer boar/pig over peccary prey when available.
See also
References
- ^ McDonald-Brown, Linda (2009). Choosing and Keeping Pigs. Firefly Books. ISBN 978-1-55407-469-3.
- Statham, M.; Middleton, M. (1987). "Feral pigs on Flinders Island". Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania. 121: 121–124. doi:10.26749/rstpp.121.121.
- Desai, Jonas (2021-11-21). "Vildsvinen parar sig med suggorna – tar sig igenom 6 000 volts stängsel". Dagens Nyheter. Retrieved 2021-11-27.
- Scheggi, Massimo (1999). La Bestia Nera: Caccia al Cinghiale fra Mito, Storia e Attualità (in Italian). p. 201. ISBN 88-253-7904-8.
- ^ Goode, Erica (27 April 2013). "When One Man's Game Is Also a Marauding Pest". New York Times. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
- ^ "Feral pigs: Pork, chopped". The Economist. 4 May 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
- Giuliano, William M. (5 February 2013). "Wild Hogs in Florida: Ecology and Management". Electronic Data Information Source. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
- Taylor, Richard B.; Hellgren, Eric C. (1997). "Diet of Feral Hogs in the Western South Texas Plains". The Southwestern Naturalist. 42 (1): 33–39. JSTOR 30054058.
- "Frequently Asked Questions-Wild Pigs: Coping with Feral Hogs". FeralHogs.TAMU.edu. Texas A&M University. Archived from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
- "Feral Hogs - Wildlife Enemy Number One". Outdoor Alabama. Archived from the original on 6 February 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
- "Black Bears – Great Smoky Mountains National Park". US National Park Service. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
- "Feral Pig Control". DNR.Wi.gov. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
- "Natural Predators of Feral Hogs". eXtension. Archived from the original on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
- Linderholm, Anna; Spencer, Daisy; Battista, Vincent; Frantz, Laurent; Barnett, Ross; Fleischer, Robert C.; James, Helen F.; Duffy, Dave; Sparks, Jed P.; Clements, David R.; Andersson, Leif; Dobney, Keith; Leonard, Jennifer A.; Larson, Greger (2016). "A novel MC1R allele for black coat colour reveals the Polynesian ancestry and hybridization patterns of Hawaiian feral pigs". Royal Society Open Science. 3 (9): 160304. Bibcode:2016RSOS....360304L. doi:10.1098/rsos.160304. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC 5043315. PMID 27703696.
- Downes, Lawrence (19 May 2013). "In pursuit of Hawaii's wild feral pigs". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
- "History and Distribution of Feral Hogs in Texas". AgriLife.org. Archived from the original on 13 April 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
- "Javali: Fronteiras rompidas" [Boars break across the border]. Globo Rural. January 1994. pp. 32–35. ISSN 0102-6178.
- Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Maturais Nenováveis (4 August 2005). "Instrução Normativa No. 71" (PDF). Federal Ministério do Meio Ambiente (Brazil). Retrieved 13 February 2009.
- Cecconi, Eduardo (13 February 2009). "A técnica da caça do javali: Reprodução desordenada do animal é combatida com o abate". Terra de Mauá. Archived from the original on 19 November 2008.
- Furtado, Fred (13 February 2009). "Invasor ou vizinho? Invasor ou vizinho? Estudo traz nova visão sobre interação entre porco-monteiro e seus 'primos' do Pantanal". Ciencia Hoje. Archived from the original on 6 September 2008.
| Mammal hybrids | |
|---|---|
| Bovidae | |
| Camelidae | |
| Canidae | |
| Cetacea | |
| Elephantidae | |
| Equus | |
| Felidae | |
| Hominidae | |
| Macropodinae | |
| Sus | |
| Mustela | |
| Ursus | |