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Isotopes of magnesium

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Isotopes of magnesium (12Mg)
Main isotopes Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
Mg 79% stable
Mg 10% stable
Mg 11% stable
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Mg)

Magnesium (12Mg) naturally occurs in three stable isotopes:
Mg,
Mg, and
Mg. There are 19 radioisotopes that have been discovered, ranging from
Mg to
Mg (with the exception of
Mg). The longest-lived radioisotope is
Mg with a half-life of 20.915(9) h. The lighter isotopes mostly decay to isotopes of sodium while the heavier isotopes decay to isotopes of aluminium. The shortest-lived is proton-unbound
Mg with a half-life of 4.0(3.4) zeptoseconds.

A precise measurement of the neutron-rich Mg in 2019 showed the unexpected difference in its nuclear structure, compared to the lighter neighboring isotopes.

The abundances of the naturally occurring isotopes of magnesium.

List of isotopes


Nuclide
 Z N Isotopic mass (Da)
 Half-life
 Decay
mode
 Daughter
isotope
 Spin and
parity
 Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Normal proportion Range of variation

Mg 		12 6 4.0(3.4) zs 2p
Ne 		0+

Mg 		12 7 19.034180(60) 5(3) ps 2p
Ne 		1/2−#

Mg 		12 8 20.0187631(20) 90.4(5) ms β (69.7(1.2)%)
Na 		0+
βp (30.3(1.2)%)
Ne

Mg 		12 9 21.0117058(8) 120.0(4) ms β (79.8(2.1)%)
Na 		5/2+
βp (20.1(2.1)%)
Ne
βα (0.116(18)%)
F
βpα (0.016(3)%)
O

Mg 		12 10 21.99957060(17) 3.8745(7) s β
Na 		0+

Mg 		12 11 22.99412377(3) 11.3039(32) s β
Na 		3/2+

Mg 		12 12 23.985041689(14) Stable 0+

Mg 		12 13 24.98583697(5) Stable 5/2+

Mg 		12 14 25.98259297(3) Stable 0+

Mg 		12 15 26.98434065(5) 9.435(27) min β
Al 		1/2+

Mg 		12 16 27.98387543(28) 20.915(9) h β
Al 		0+

Mg 		12 17 28.9886072(4) 1.30(12) s β
Al 		3/2+

Mg 		12 18 29.9904655(14) 317(4) ms β (> 99.94%)
Al 		0+
βn (< 0.06%)
Al

Mg 		12 19 30.996648(3) 270(2) ms β (93.8(1.9)%)
Al 		1/2+
βn (6.2(1.9)%)
Al

Mg 		12 20 31.999110(4) 80.4(4) ms β (94.5(5)%)
Al 		0+
βn (5.5(5)%)
Al

Mg 		12 21 33.0053279(29) 92.0(1.2) ms β (86(2)%)
Al 		3/2−
βn (14(2)%)
Al
β2n ?
Al ?

Mg 		12 22 34.008935(7) 44.9(4) ms β (> 78.9(7.0)%)
Al 		0+
βn (21(7)%)
Al
β2n (< 0.1%)
Al

Mg 		12 23 35.01679(29) 11.3(6) ms βn (52(46)%)
Al 		(3/2−, 5/2−)
β (48(46)%)
Al
β2n ?
Al ?

Mg 		12 24 36.02188(74) 3.9(1.3) ms β (52(12)%)
Al 		0+
βn (48(12)%)
Al
β2n ?
Al ?

Mg 		12 25 37.03029(75) 8(4) ms β ?
Al ? 		(3/2−)
βn ?
Al ?
β2n ?
Al ?

Mg 		12 26 38.03658(54)# 3.1(4 (stat), 2 (sys)) ms βn (81%)
Al 		0+
β (9%)
Al
β2n (9%)
Al

Mg 		12 28 40.05319(54)# 1# ms β ?
Al ? 		0+
βn ?
Al ?
β2n ?
Al ?
This table header & footer:
  1. ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
  2. ^ # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
  3. Modes of decay:
    n: Neutron emission
    p: Proton emission
  4. Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
  5. ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
  6. Used in radiodating events early in the Solar System's history
  7. ^ Decay mode shown is energetically allowed, but has not been experimentally observed to occur in this nuclide.

External links

References

  1. ^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
  2. "Standard Atomic Weights: Magnesium". CIAAW. 2011.
  3. Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
  4. glennroberts (2019-02-07). "New Measurements of Exotic Magnesium Suggest Surprising Shape-Shift". Berkeley Lab News Center. Retrieved 2023-09-10.
  5. "NP A Change in Structure for a S... | U.S. DOE Office of Science(SC)". science.osti.gov. 2019-08-01. Retrieved 2023-09-10.
  6. Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
  7. Jin, Y.; et al. (2021). "First observation of the four-proton unbound nucleus Mg". Physical Review Letters. 127 (262502): 262502. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.262502. OSTI 1837749. PMID 35029460. S2CID 245434485.
  8. Crawford, H. L.; Tripathi, V.; Allmond, J. M.; et al. (2022). "Crossing N = 28 toward the neutron drip line: first measurement of half-lives at FRIB". Physical Review Letters. 129 (212501): 212501. Bibcode:2022PhRvL.129u2501C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.212501. PMID 36461950. S2CID 253600995.
Isotopes of the chemical elements
Group 1 2   3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Period Hydrogen and
alkali metals 		Alkaline
earth metals 		Pnicto­gens Chal­co­gens Halo­gens Noble gases
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⑥ Isotopes § ListCs55 Isotopes § ListBa56 1 asterisk Isotopes § ListLu71 Isotopes § ListHf72 Isotopes § ListTa73 Isotopes § ListW74 Isotopes § ListRe75 Isotopes § ListOs76 Isotopes § ListIr77 Isotopes § ListPt78 Isotopes § ListAu79 Isotopes § ListHg80 Isotopes § ListTl81 Isotopes § ListPb82 Isotopes § ListBi83 Isotopes § ListPo84 Isotopes § ListAt85 Isotopes § ListRn86
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⑧ Isotopes § ListUue119 Isotopes § ListUbn120
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