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Itzgründisch is an East Franconian dialect, which is spoken in the eponymous Itz Valley (German: Itzgrund) and its tributaries of Grümpen, Effelder, Röthen/Röden, Lauter, Füllbach and Rodach, the valleys of the Neubrunn, Biber and the upper Werra and in the valley of Steinach. In the small language area, which extends from the Itzgrund in Upper Franconia to the southern side of the Thuringian Highlands, East Franconian still exists in the original form. Because of the remoteness of the area, this isolated by the end of the 19th century and later during the division of Germany, this language has kept many linguistic features to this day. Scientific study of the Itzgründisch dialect was made for the first time, in the middle of the 19th century, by the linguist August Schleicher.

Geographical Distribution

The zone of the Itzgründisch dialect includes south of the Rennsteig ridge in the district of Sonneberg, the eastern part of the district of Hildburghausen, the city and district of Coburg (the “Coburger Land”) and the northwestern part of the district of Lichtenfels.

In the west side of the dialect zone, the “Südhennebergische Staffelung” , which runs through the district of Hildburghausen, separates Itzgründisch from Hennebergisch. It extends south of the city of Hildburghausen and continues along the zone's borders to Grabfeldisch (East Franconian) or further south to Lower Franconian, which is also spoken in Seßlach in the western part of the district of Coburg. South of the district of Coburg, Itzgründisch is mixed with the dialect of Bamberg. East of the Sonneberger (except Heinersdorf, which is already in the zone of the Upper Franconian dialect) and Coburger lands and east of Michelau in the district of Lichtenfels, the Itzgründisch-speaking area is bordered by its Upper Franconian counterpart.

Directly in the course of the Rennsteig over the crest of the Thuringian Highlands, there exists a narrow transition zone to the Thuringian dialect, which consists the more modern dialects, largely influenced by East Franconian, of the places around Sachsenbrunn and Lauscha, which use the Itzgründisch vocabulary.

The zone of the Itzgründisch dialect area was originally the territories of the historic rulers, the Pflege Coburg and the Benedictine Banz Abbey.

Speakers

On 31 December 2010, in the dialect zone of Itzgründisch, 41,076 speakers were living in the town of Coburg while 84,129 were residing in the district of Coburg, with 40,745 more in the district of Hildburghausen; 22,791 in the district of Lichtenfels; and (minus the estimated number of non-Itzgründisch-speakers) about 50,000 inhabitants in the district of Sonneberg. In the town of Lichtenfels, which lies on the south bank of the Main River, where its dialect has historically been mixed with the dialects of Bamberg and the Itz Valley, 20,555 residents were counted. While respective variants of Itzgründisch are spoken in the rural villages throughout the area, the proportion of non-Itzgründisch-speaking residents is much greater in the cities. A conservative estimate puts the number of the native speakers of Itzgründisch at about 225,000 speakers.

The local dialects dominate in the transitional zone at the Rennsteig, where they are spoken by most of the approximately 13,000 inhabitants in everyday life, except in the town of Neuhaus am Rennweg.

Features

The grammar of Itzgründisch basically follows the rules of the East Franconian dialect. The uniqueness of Itzgründisch compared with other German dialects is in increasingly obsolete forms and diphthongs of Middle High German that are common in everyday speech.

• Around Sonneberg and Neustadt bei Coburg the diphthongs iä, ue and üä are used, for example: nicht = niä, Beet = Biäd, Ofen = Uefm, Vögel = Vüächl. The pronunciation of the double consonant, -rg is changed to -ch if it follows the vowel, for example: Sonneberg = Sumbarch, ärgern = archern and morgen = morchng. Other diphthongs exist in the following words, for example: Brot = “Bruad”, Hosen = “Huasn”, Hasen = “Housn”, heißen = “heaßn” or schön = “schööä”.
• Sentences are often formed with auxiliary verbs such as mögen , wollen , machen , tun or können and with the past participle. (Das Kind schreit. = “Des Kindla dud schrein.” or “Des Kindla ka fei g´schrei.”)
• The past participle is almost always used to construct the sentence with the auxiliary verbs sein or haben . Example: Da gingen wir hinein/Da sind wir hineingegangen. = “Dou sä´me neig´anga.” In the north side of the dialect zone, however, the differences in the changes of grammatical tenses and verbs are more noticeable. They are known in the Thuringian places such as Judenbach or Bockstadt as the past tenses of certain verbs, which are already expressed in the North German dialects as the preterites, which are virtually unknown in East Franconian. In Sachsenbrunn and Lauscha, which lay near the Rennsteig outside the Itzgründisch dialect zone, more than three-quarters of the verbs are already used in the past tense.
• Wherever the speech is uninhibited in the dialect, sentences are constructed with double negatives, for example: “Wenn da kää Gald niä host, kaas da de fei nex gekeaf.” (Wenn du kein Geld (nicht) hast, kannst du dir nichts kaufen.) or “Doumit kaast da kä Eä niä eigelech.” (Damit kannst du kein Ei (nicht) einlegen.)
• As they are in Main Franconian, the modal particle fei and the diminutives -lein and -la (locally, also -le) are used very much and often.

(Note: Because Itzgründisch does not have the standard written form, the text is different in approximately "normal" letters with each different author. For this reason, the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is waived for the exact wording of the Itzgründisch words and phrases in this article.)

Numbers in the Sonneberger Dialect

But the numbers are different in time (in the mornings as well as the afternoons), as follows:

Example: Es ist um Ein Uhr. (It is one o’clock) = Es is in Easa. (The “i” is “swallowed” so much that it is only partially audible.)

Weekdays in the Sonneberger Dialect

Variations Between Itzgründisch and Upper Franconian

Itzgründisch has a diversity of local variations. For example, while a girl would be called Mädchen in proper German, she would be called Mädle in Haselbach, "Mädla" in the neighboring Steinach and "Meadla" in Sonneberg. The differences are even more pronounced in Upper Franconian, which is also spoken in Heinersdorf in the district of Sonneberg.

Words Unique to Itzgründisch

A selection of some terms:

• Ardöpfl, Arpfl = Erdapfel, Kartoffel (potato)
• Glikeleskaas = Quark (Quark)
• Stoal = Stall (stable)
• Stoudl = Scheune (barn)
• Sulln = Sohle, Schlampe (sole, bitch)
• Zahmet = Kartoffelbrei (mashed potatoes)
• Zähbei = Zahnschmerzen (toothache)

Linguistic Map

• (de) Thüringer Dialektatlas, Heft 27, Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin , Berlin, Akademie-Verlag-Berlin, 1969

The Dialect Atlas shows the distribution of parts of speech and the corresponding sound shifts.

Literature

• (de) August Schleicher: Volkstümliches aus Sonneberg im Meininger Oberlande – Lautlehre der Sonneberger Mundart . Weimar, Böhlau, 1858.
• (de) Otto Felsberg: Die Koburger Mundart. Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft für Thüringen: Band 6 , Jena, 1888, p. 127–160.
• (de) Karl Ehrlicher: Zur Syntax der Sonneberger Mundart. Gebrauch der Interjection, des Substantivs und des Adjectivs . Inaugural-Dissertation an der Hohen Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Leipzig , 1906
• (de) Alfred Förster: Phonetik und Vokalismus der ostfränkischen Mundart der Stad Neustadt (Sachs-en-Coburg) . Jena 1912 and Borna-Leipzig, 1913 (Partial printing).
• (de) Wilhelm Niederlöhner: Untersuchungen zur Sprachgeographie des Coburger Landes auf Grund des Vokalismus . Erlangen, 1937.
• (de) Eduard Hermann: Die Coburger Mundart . In: Adolf Siegel (ed.): Coburger Heimatkunde und Heimatgeschichte. Teil 2, Heft 20 . Coburg, 1957.
• (de) Heinz Sperschneider: Studien zur Syntax der Mundarten im östlichen Thüringer Wald . Deutsche Dialektgeographie 54 , Marburg, 1959.
• (de) Emil Luthardt: Mundart und Volkstümliches aus Steinach, Thüringerwald, und dialektgeographische Untersuchungen im Landkreis Sonneberg, im Amtsbezirk Eisfeld, Landkreis Hildburghausen und in Scheibe, im Amtsgerichtsbezirk Oberweißbach, Landkreis Rudolstadt . Dissertation. Hamburg, 1963.
• (de) Harry Karl: Das Heinersdorfer Idiotikon . Kronach, 1988.
• (de) Horst Bechmann-Ziegler: Mundart-Wörterbuch unserer Heimat Neustadt b. Coburg . Neustadt bei Coburg, 1991.
• (de) Horst Traut: Die Liederhandschrift des Johann Georg Steiner aus Sonneberg in der Überlieferung durch August Schleicher . Rudolstadt, Hain, 1996, ISBN 3-930215-27-6.
• (de) Wolfgang Lösch: Zur Dialektsituation im Grenzsaum zwischen Südthüringen und Nordbayern . In: Dieter Stellmacher (ed.): Dialektologie zwischen Tradition und Neuansätzen . Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik (ZDL)-Beiheft 109 (Journal of Dialectology and Linguistics (ZDL)- Supplement 109), Stuttgart 2000, pp. 156–165.
• (de) Karl-Heinz Großmann (ed.): Thüringisch-Fränkischer Mundartsalat . Self-publication of the AK Mundart Südthüringen e. V., Mengersgereuth-Hämmern 2004.
• (de) Karl-Heinz Großmann (ed.): Punktlandung. Self-publication of the AK Mundart Südthüringen e. V., Mengersgereuth-Hämmern 2007.
• (de) Karl-Heinz Großmann (ed.): 30 un kä wengla leiser. Self-publication of the AK Mundart Südthüringen e. V., Mengersgereuth-Hämmern 2009.

External links

• (de) Itzgründisch (Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena) (including the map of the boundaries of the speaking area)
• (de) Itzgründisch by Subject

• German dialects
• Central German languages
• Languages of Germany